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Creatine (Cr) and phosphocreatine (PCr) are involved with rapid ATP production primarily in skeletal muscle tissue via the action of creatine kinase(s). Creatine may be used as a supplement to study its uptake mechanism and metabolism of action.

Creatine is a nitrogenous compound that acts as a high-energy reservoir for the rapid regeneration of ATP. Approximately 95% of creatine is found in skeletal muscle, primarily as phosphocreatine. Creatine can be acquired through dietary consumption or formed from L-arginine, glycine, and L-methionine in a multi-step reaction that occurs in the kidneys and liver. Creatine is then transported to muscle tissue. Creatine supplementation is used for the enhancement of sports performance, primarily by increasing muscle mass. Creatine is also being investigated as a treatment of neuromuscular diseases, where it may aid in neuroprotection and by improving the cellular bioenergetic state.

L-Arginine monohydrochloride has been used to study the effects of amino acids in promoting food consumption in Drosophila melanogaster. It has also been used to develop a non-invasive chronic pancreatitis model of rat.

L-Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid. This dibasic amino acid acts as a precursor for creatinine and is a natural constituent of most of the dietary proteins.

Substrate of nitric oxide synthase, which is converted to citrulline and nitric oxide (NO). Induces insulin release by a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism.

Arginine alpha-ketoglutarate (AAKG) is a salt of the amino acid arginine and alpha-ketoglutaric acid. It is marketed as a bodybuilding supplement.

Peer-reviewed studies have found no increase in muscle protein synthesis or improvement in muscle strength from use of AAKG as a dietary supplement.

L-Carnitine hydrochloride has been used to study ergothioneine transporter SLC22A4 and carnitine transporter SLC22A5. It has also been used to allow the entry of palmitic acid into the mitochondria.

Carnitine is biosynthesized from lysine. It might be associated with the energy production from branched chain amino acids.

Carnitine is a quaternary amine that occurs naturally in most mammalian tissue. It is present in relatively high concentrations in skeletal muscle and heart where it is involved in regulating energy metabolism. It shifts glucose metabolism from glycolysis to glycogen storage and enhances the transport of long chain fatty acids into the mitochondria where they are oxidized for energy production.

N-Acetyl-L-cysteine has been used to suppress oxygen-dependent hydroxyurea sensitivity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has also been used as an antioxidant for the treatment of C2C12 murine myoblasts.

Antioxidant and mucolytic agent. Increases cellular pools of free radical scavengers. Reported to prevent apoptosis in neuronal cells but induce apoptosis in smooth muscle cells. Inhibits HIV replication. May serve as a substrate for microsomal glutathione transferase.

L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid. It can be used as a cell culture media component in the commercial biomanufacture of therapeutic recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies. N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine is an acetylated derivative of the essential amino acid L-tyrosine with reported improved nutritional properties.

Synonym: γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine, GSH

Application : 
L-Glutathione (GSH) reduced has been used in the elution buffer to elute GST (glutathione S-transferase)-fused proteins using glutathione-agarose beads. It has been used to prepare a standard curve for GSH analyses.

May be used at 5-10 mM to elute glutathione S-transferase (GST) from glutathione agarose.

Endogenous antioxidant that plays a major role in reducing reactive oxygen species formed during cellular metabolism and the respiratory burst. Glutathione-S-transferase catalyzes the formation of glutathione thioethers with xenobiotics, leukotrienes, and other molecules that have an electrophilic center. Glutathione also forms disulfide bonds with cysteine residues in proteins. Via these mechanisms, it can have the paradoxical effect of reducing the efficacy of anti-cancer agents.

Reduced L-glutathione (GSH) is a thiol compound and is associated with catabolism and transportation. Plasma GSH levels are associated with Parkinson′s diseases, Alzheimer′s, diabetes, macular degeneration, and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) disease.

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Synonym: 2-Amino-1-methyl-2-imidazolin-4-one, 2-Imino-1-methylimidazolidin-4-one, 2-Imino-N-methylhydantoin

L-Cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate (LCHCMH) is a water soluble salt of the non-essential amino acid, L-cysteine. It is widely employed in the medicine industry. The thermodynamic features of a solution of LCHCMH in water have been reported. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with space group P2₁2₁2₁. Its nonlinear optical (NLO) property has been investigated in a single crystal grown by unidirectional Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) technique.

L-Cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate has been used in a protocol for the separation of dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGs). It has also been used in a study to examine its effect as an inhibitor in preventing enzymatic browning in apples.

NMDA glutamatergic receptor antagonist.

Homocysteine is a non-proteinogenic α-amino acid. It is a homologue of the amino acid cysteine, differing by an additional methylene bridge (-CH₂-). It is biosynthesized from methionine by the removal of its terminal C^ε methyl group. In the body, homocysteine can be recycled into methionine or converted into cysteine with the aid of certain B-vitamins.

A high level of homocysteine in the blood (hyperhomocysteinemia) makes a person more prone to endothelial cell injury, which leads to inflammation in the blood vessels, which in turn may lead to atherogenesis, which can result in ischemic injury. Therefore, hyperhomocysteinemia is a possible risk factor for coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque blocks blood flow to the coronary arteries, which supply the heart with oxygenated blood.

Hyperhomocysteinemia has been correlated with the occurrence of blood clots, heart attacks, and strokes, although it is unclear whether hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for these conditions. Hyperhomocysteinemia also has been associated with early-term spontaneous abortions and with neural tube defects.

L-homocysteine is used to diagnose homocystinuria.

L-homocysteine has been used as a supplement in cell culture media.

Elevated homocysteine levels in plasma and tissue are associated with brain atrophy in Alzheimer′s disease as well as in healthy eldery subjects. Increased homocysteine is due to deficiencies in vitamin B status, specifically folate, B6 and B12 vitamins, which act as cofactors for enzymes involved in homocysteine metabolism.

L-Ornithine L-aspartate is a metabolite of arginine degradation by arginase. It has been shown to reduce blood ammonia concentrations by increasing ammoniadetoxification in the muscle and reducing the severity of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis.

Product of arginine degradation by arginase

S-Adenosyl methionine is a common cosubstrate involved in methyl group transfers, transsulfuration, and aminopropylation. Although these anabolic reactions occur throughout the body, most SAM-e is produced and consumed in the liver. More than 40 methyl transfers from SAM-e are known, to various substrates such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and secondary metabolites. It is made from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and methionine by methionine adenosyltransferase. SAM-e was first discovered by Giulio Cantoni in 1952.

In bacteria, SAM-e is bound by the SAM riboswitch, which regulates genes involved in methionine or cysteine biosynthesis. In eukaryotic cells, SAM-e serves as a regulator of a variety of processes including DNA, tRNA, and rRNA methylation; immune response; amino acid metabolism; transsulfuration; and more. In plants, SAM-e is crucial to the biosynthesis of ethylene, an important plant hormone and signaling molecule.

Chemically, it is a sulfonium betaine which serves as a source of electrophilic methyl group or as a source of 5''-deoxyadenosyl radical.

L-Histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate has been used as a component of broth to match the tuna meat amino acid composition.^[4] It has also been used for partial rescue of the IMPL2 (myo-inositol monophosphatase) phenotype during seed development of Arabidopsis.

Histidine takes part in protein methylation. It is associated with the hemoglobin structure and function. Histidine is present in antioxidative dipeptides. It is involved in one-carbon unit metabolism.

L-lysine monohydrochloride has been used:
• as a component in pre-fixative solution for electron microscopy
• as a component in blocking solution for immunohistochemistry(IHC)
• in the preparation of Periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (PLP) fixative for IHC

L-lysine is an essential amino acid in animals and humans. L-Lysine is necessary for protein synthesis in the body and proper growth. L-lysine lowers the cholesterol level by producing carnitine. L-lysine aids in calcium, zinc and iron absorption. Athletes take L-lysine as a supplement for lean mass building and for proper muscle and bone health. L-lysine competes with arginine during viral replication and reduces herpes simplex virus infection.L-lysine supplementation reduces chronic anxiety in human. Lysine reduces viscosity of serum albumin solution for injections.

L-Lysine is an essential proteinogenic α amino acid used in a wide range of applications including as a supplement in cell culture media; a substrate of enzymes such as L-lysine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.14); a component of poly-lysine polymers; and a substrate for oxidation and glycation mechanism studies.

L-Ornithine monohydrochloride has been used to study the blocking effect of L-ornithine on the transport system that carries L-arginine for the overproduction of nitric oxide during lipopolysaccharide induced endotoxemia in rat model. It has also been used in decarboxylation test of amino acids.

L-Ornithine is a product of arginase degradation and plays an important role in ammonia metabolism via the urea cycle. In mammals, ornithine serves as a precursor for polyamines and proline biosynthesis. Spermine synthesized from ornithine, is an abundant polyamine observed in tumors such as breast carcinomas.Administration of L-ornithine is known to improve subjective index of sleep quality. L-ornithine reduces the cortisol/DHEA-S (dehydroepiandrosterone) ratio, that is associated with stress. In mice, L-ornithine is found to affect the levels of plasma growth hormone, corticosterone and melatonin levels in mice.

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC/ALCAR), a quasi-vitamin is a metabolite of carnitine, present in mammalian plasma and tissues. It is the acetylated form of L-carnitine (LC). ALCAR is used as a dietary supplement. It is present at high level in the hypothalamus.

O-Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride has been used:
• as a bioactive compound to study its effect on the proliferation of B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (BLCL) and its immune modulating properties on influenza virus specific human B and T cell responses in vitro
• as in vitro maturation (IVM) media component to study its effects on lamb oocyte blastocyst rate, ultrastructure and mitochondrial DNA copy number
• as a metabolite/chemical standard to quantify the metabolite levels in murine tumor interstitial fluid

Acetyl _L-carnitine (ALC) plays a vital role in intermediary metabolism and in improving female fertility. The oxidative and metabolic status of the female reproductive system is controlled by ALC. ALC possesses cholinomimetic and anti-inflammatory effects. It controls γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) system. ALC is capable of modifying the rate of glucose usage in the brain. It also possesses a neuroprotective role in the developing brain.

Endogenous mitochondrial metabolite that transports acetyl groups across the mitochondrial membrane. Exogenous acetylcarnitine enhances mitochondrial function in aged rats. As an acetate donor to coenzyme A, it increases the central and peripheral acetylcholine synthesis and function. Acetylcarnitine has antinociceptive activity that may be mediated by enhanced activity of muscarinic cholinergic receptors or mGlu2 glutamate receptors.