Innovative

Synonym: 2-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, THAM, Tris base, Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, Trometamol

Tris is an established basimetric standard and buffer used in biochemistry and molecular biology. It may be used by itself as a buffer or as a component of mixed buffer formulations, such as Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer, Tris-acetate-EDTA (TAE) buffer, Tris-borate-EDTA (TBE) buffer, etc. It is pure, essentially stable, relatively non-hygroscopic and has a high equivalent weight.

Tris buffer was used as buffer for the following studies:
• Electrophoretic transfer for the specific identification of isozymes of starch debranching enzyme, α-amylase and 9-amylase.
• Electrophoretic separation of lipoproteins in polyacrylamide gels.
• Preparation of TRIS buffer having pH 8.
It may be used to compose DN buffer for DNA nick-end labeling of tissue sections.

The pH values of all buffers are temperature- and concentration-dependent. For Tris buffers, pH increases about 0.03 unit per °C decrease in temperature, and decreases 0.03-0.05 unit per ten-fold dilution.
For precise applications, use a carefully calibrated pH meter with a glass/calomel combination electrode.

Synonym: TRIS HCl, TRIS hydrochloride, Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride

Tris hydrochloride is mainly required for preparation of buffer at physiological range of 7.3 to 7.5. The prepared buffer is compatible with biological fluids. It is of importance to laboratories as a standard pH solution.

The pH values of all buffers are temperature and concentration dependent. For Tris buffers, pH increases about 0.03 unit per °C decrease in temperature, and decreases 0.03-0.05 unit per ten-fold dilution.
For precise applications, use a carefully calibrated pH meter with a glass/calomel combination electrode.

Tris hydrochloride has been used as a buffer solution for staining procedure, reduction and alkylation studies and in situ hybridization procedure.­

Synonym: 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,2 inch,2 inch-nitrilotriethanol, 2-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino-tris(hydroxymethyl)methane

BIS-TRIS can be used to study biological buffers. BIS-TRIS has been used in a study that synthesized ferritin grafted with temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm-ferritin) by a coupling reaction using PIPAAm and ferritin for obtaining stimuli-responsive biomaterials. BIS-TRIS has also been used in a study that synthesized and described the photochemical properties of oligo- ortho -azobenzenes.

Effective buffer for the assay of creatine kinase; Effectively protects hemoglobin during freeze-drying; Catholyte in IEF of 2-D gel electrophoresis.

Synonym: 3-(N-Morpholino)propanesulfonic acid, 4-Morpholinepropanesulfonic acid

3-(N-Morpholino)propane sulfonic acid (MOPS) is an N-substituted amino sulfonic acid with a morpholinic ring. MOPS is capable of buffering within a pH range of 6.5-7.9. MOPS is widely used in biological and biochemical studies due to its inert properties. It does not interact with any metal ions in solutions and has significant metal-buffer stability especially with copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co) ions. MOPS buffer maintains the pH of the mammalian cell culture medium. MOPS functions to maintain pH in denaturing gel electrophoresis of RNA. MOPS can modify lipid interactions and influence the thickness and barrier properties of membranes. MOPS interacts with bovine serum albumin and stabilizes the protein. Hydrogen peroxide oxidizes MOPS slowly to N-oxide form.

MOPS has been used as:
• a cell culture additive component in lentiviral particle production
• as a buffering agent in microbial growth medium and nuclei extraction buffer

Synonym: N-(2-Acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, N-(Carbamoylmethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, N-(Carbamoylmethyl)taurine

ACES is the common abbreviation for the compound N-(2-Acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid.

ACES is one of Good's buffers developed in the 1960s to provide buffers with pH ranging from 6.15-8.35 for use in various applications. With a pK_a of 6.9, it is often used as a buffering agent in biological and biochemical research. It is a zwitterionic buffer with a useful buffering range of 6.1-7.5. The pioneering publication by Good and his co-workers described the synthesis and physical properties of ACES buffer.

Synonym: N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)taurine

BES (N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a useful secondary standard biochemical buffer. Useful pH range for BES is 6.4 to 7.8. It is useful for diagnostic assay manufacturing industry. BES, a sulfonic acid-containing cross-linking agent, induces cross-linking between sulfonated polyimide chains in sulfonated polyimide membranes.

BES may be employed as binding buffer in modified Eagle′s medium during the binding assay of human melanoma cells. It may be used as biobuffer to investigate the aqueous medium self-assembly of heterometallic CuII/Li 3D coordination polymers.

Synonym: N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine

BICINE can be used to study biological buffers and zwitterionic compounds. N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine has been used in a study that characterized refined crystal structures of human Ca2+/Zn2+-binding S100A3 protein. N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine has also been used in a study to inform F1 antigen assembly.

Recommended buffer for low temperature biochemical work. Used in the preparation of stable substrate solution for serum guanase determination.

Synonym: 3-(Cyclohexylamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid

Buffer for studying pH-dependent processes in enzymology; Eluent buffer component in the separation of basic drugs by HPLC

Synonym: 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid, N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-(2-ethanesulfonic acid)

HEPES has been described as one of the best all-purpose buffers available for biological research. At biological pH, the molecule is zwitterionic, and is effective as a buffer at pH 6.8 to 8.2. HEPES has been used in a wide variety of applications, including tissue culture. It is commonly used to buffer cell culture media in air. HEPES finds its usage in in vitro experiments on Mg.

HEPES has been used:
• As a component in Danieau medium, which is used to prevent melanin pigment formation post gastrulation of zebra-fish embryo
• As a component of Hanks’ solution used in the degradation testing of Iron
• As a component of HEPES medium in the transfection of cell culture with plasmids
• Along with RPMI-1640, L-glutamine, FBS, Sodium pyruvate and β-mercaptoethanol for the culturing of rat insulinoma cells
• As a supplement in TCM199 medium for washing fresh oocytes required for nuclear transfer studies

Synonym: 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid sodium salt, N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) sodium salt

HEPES is a general-purpose zwitterionic buffer which does not bind magnesium, calcium, manganese(II) or copper(II) ions. HEPES has been classified as Good′s buffer by Dr. Norman Good and his colleagues in 1966. It is zwitterionic at biological pH and is most effective in the pH range of 6.8 to 8.2.

HEPES sodium salt solution is suitable for cell culture studies. It may be used in the preparation of buffer solution of HEPES. It may be used as buffer during the phosphorylation assays in permeabilized fibroblasts. It may be used to compose a complex dialysis buffer, used in the determination of free thyroxin in serum by radioimmunoassay.

Synonym: 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid, 4-Morpholineethanesulfonic acid

MES is one of the Good′s buffers, the most extensively used biological buffers. MES is a zwitterionic N-substituted aminosulfonic acid with a morpholinic ring. It does not form complexes with majority of the metals used in environmental and biological studies. It is easily soluble in water and has minimum lipid solubility, making it impermeable to membranes.

MES has been used as a component of the elution buffer used to elute plasma from α2-macroglobulin affinity column. It has been used as an activation buffer during antibody conjugation to microparticles. MES has been used in the functionalization of microchannels during the creation of microfluidic-integrated surface plasmon resonance (SPR) platform for pathogen detection.

Synonym: 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid, 4-Morpholineethanesulfonic acid monohydrate

MES is one of the "Good" buffers developed for biological applications. MES is not recommended at pH 7.4; other buffers should be considered. All qualities are tested for trace ions and all can be used for biological and biochemistry applications. This product is used in biochemical and biological techniques where highly purified products are needed.

MES Monohydrate has been used:
• To adjust the pH of growth medium to 5.5-7.0 in an in vitro cell wall stress assay
• As a buffering agent to stabilize enzymatic solutions
• As a component of PAGE running buffer

A buffer using MES free acid can be prepared by titrating the free acid with sodium hydroxide to the desired pH (pKa =±1). Alternatively, volumes of equimolar MES free acid and sodium MES can be mixed to attain the desired pH. Standard mixing tables using stock solutions to prepare a buffer of a given pH have been published.

Solubility/Stability: MES is soluble in water, giving a clear colourless solution at concentrations of 0.5M or higher. The pH of a solution should be between 2.5 and 5, depending on the concentration. Solutions are stable at 2-8°C for months.
Sterilization: Sterilization should be by filteration through 0.2μM filters. Autoclaving is not recommended by any sulfonic acid buffers. If buffers must be nuclease-free, it is best to treat the water, then add the buffer solids after autoclaving. When MES solutions are autoclaved, they turn yellow (although pH does not change measurably. The identity of the yellow breakdown product is unkown.

Synonym: 1,4-Piperazinediethanesulfonic acid, Piperazine-1,4-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid), Piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid)

PIPES is a member of the ethanesulfonic acid buffer series, developed to meet certain criteria: midrange pKa, maximum water solubility and minimum solubility in all other solvents, minimal salt effects, minimal change in pKa with temperature, chemically and enzymatically stable, minimal absorption in visible or UV spectral range and easily synthesized. Since its pKa at 37 °C is near physiological pH, PIPES has applications in cell culture work.

Glutaraldehyde fixation of plant and animal tissue samples can cause loss of lipid, leading to apparent morphological changes. Lipid loss and artifacts were minimized when PIPES was used to buffer the glutaraldehyde fixative.
Alkaline phosphatase activity is lost selectively from certain rat hepatocyte organelles when fixed for ultracytochemistry with cacodylate-buffered glutaraldehyde. When PIPES was used as buffer, retention of activity was 60% greater.
Fixation of fungal zoospores for fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy was optimal with a combination of glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde in PIPES buffer.

Synonym: N-[Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]glycine

Buffer component for separation of low molecular weight peptides.

Tricine is a biological buffer often referred to as a “Good’s” buffer. The pKa of Tricine is 8.1 which makes Tricine is a good candidate for biological applications that require pH control above physiological. Tricine is considered to be non-toxic to culture cell lines, highly water soluble and provides high-solution clarity.

Tricine can be used in a wide array of biological applications including as a component in media formulations. Specific applications include buffers for electrophoresis, protein purification and diagnostic reagent production.