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Synonym: 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl β-D-galactoside, BCIG, X-Gal

X-Gal is a chromogenic substrate for β-galactosidase that produces a rich blue color that can easily be detected visually over background. X-Gal is the substrate of choice for blue-white selection of recombinant bacterial colonies with the lac⁺ genotype.

5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranoside has been used to confirm transduction of Caki-2/LacZ clones. It has also been used in blue-white selection of transformants.

X-Gal is a chromogenic substrate for β-galactosidase that produces a rich blue color that can easily be detected visually over background. X-Gal is the substrate of choice for blue-white selection of recombinant bacterial colonies with the lac⁺ genotype.

Synonym: β-DPN, β-NAD, Coenzyme 1, Cozymase, DPN, Diphosphopyridine nucleotide, NAD, Nadide

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD) is a ubiquitous biomolecule containing an adenylic acid and a nicotinamide-5′-ribonucleotide group linked together by a pyrophosphate moiety. In NAD⁺ complexes, the enzyme-cofactor interactions are highly conserved.

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate has been used as a supplement in chocolate agar plates for Haemophilus influenzae growth.

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate has been used as a component of fibroblast cell culture media. It has also been used to study the viability of the cartilage constructs.

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate was used as a test compound for studying the structure and electrochemical properties of NADH electrocatalysts.

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate has been used:
• to measure adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis rates (kinetics measurements)
• in the reaction buffer for pyruvate kinase (PK) activity assay
• as a component of master mix for a high throughput screening
• to prepare NAD⁺ standard solution for a study on NAD⁺ metabolomics
• as a component of MurI assay reaction partial mixture for glutamate racemase reaction
• as a component of a chromogenic staining solution to stain zebrafish embryo

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD) is an electron carrier and a cofactor, significantly involved in enzyme-catalyzed oxido-reduction processes and many genetic processes. NAD cycles between the oxidized (NAD⁺) and reduced (NADH) forms to maintain a redox balance necessary for continued cell growth. NAD is also involved in microbial catabolism. β-NAD acts as a substrate for various enzymes in several cellular processes.

Electron acceptor

Synonym: β-DPNH, β-NADH, DPNH, Diphosphopyridine nucleotide, reduced form, NADH

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced (NADH) comprise a coenzyme redox pair (NAD+:NADH) involved in a wide range of enzyme catalyzed oxidation reduction reactions. In addition to its redox function, NAD+/NADH is a donor of ADP-ribose units in ADP-ribosylaton (ADP-ribosyltransferases; poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases ) reactions and a precursor of cyclic ADP-ribose (ADP-ribosyl cyclases).

As a reagent, NADH can be used in enzyme cycling assays to amplify detection of activity of biologically relevant enzymes or metabolites present in low concentrations. 

NADH is a coenzyme that functions as a regenerating electron donor in catabolic processes including glycolysis, β-oxidation and the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle, TCA cycle). It participates in cell signaling events as well, for example as a substrate for the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) during the DNA damage response. The NAD⁺/NADH dependent sirtuins play key roles in stress responses during events involving energy metabolism, with implications in cancer biology, diabetes and neurodegenerative disease.
As a reagent, NADH can be used in enzyme cycling assays to amplify detection of activity of biologically relevant enzymes or metabolites present in low concentrations.

Synonym: β-Nicotinamide-adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate, TPN, Co II, Na, NADP, Monosodium Salt

A coenzyme that is widely distributed in living matter. Participates in oxidation-reduction reactions (spectral ratio: 0.78-0.88 at 250/260 nm, pH 7.0; 0.16-0.26 at 280/260 nm, pH 7.0).

A coenzyme that is widely distributed in living matter. Participates in oxidation-reduction reactions.

Spectra (pH 7.0): 250 nm/260 nm: 0.78-0.88; 280 nm/260 nm: 0.16-0.26.

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2′-phosphate (NADP+) and β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2′-phosphate, reduced (NADPH) comprise a coenzyme redox pair (NADP+:NADPH) involved in a wide range of enzyme catalyzed oxidation reduction reactions. The NADP+/NADPH redox pair facilitates electron transfer in anabolic reactions such as lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis and fatty acyl chain elongation. The NADP+/NADPH redox pair is used in a variety of antioxidation mechanism where it protects agains reactive oxidation species accumulation. NADPH is generated in vivio by the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP).

Synonym: β-NADH phosphate disodium salt, β-NADP-Na₂, Triphosphopyridine nucleotide disodium salt

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and NADPH form a redox pair. The NADPH/NADP ratio regulates the intracellular redox potential, thereby influencing metabolic reactions in vivo.

The β-NADH phosphate disodium salt has been used for the quantification of glucose in glycogen. It has also been used for the hexokinase assay.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and NADPH form a redox pair. NADP/NADPH is a coenzyme that supports redox reactions via the transport of electrons in a vast array of applications, especially anaerobic reactions such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis. NADP/NADPH is a coenzyme couple in various cytochrome P450 systems and oxidase/reductase reaction systems, such as the thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin system.

Synonym: β-NADPH, 2′-NADPH hydrate, Coenzyme II reduced tetrasodium salt, Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate tetrasodium salt, NADPH Na₄, TPNH₂ Na₄, Triphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced tetrasodium salt

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2′-phosphate (NADP+) and β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2′-phosphate, reduced (NADPH) comprise a coenzyme redox pair (NADP+:NADPH) involved in a wide range of enzyme catalyzed oxidation reduction reactions. The NADP+/NADPH redox pair facilitates electron transfer in anabolic reactions such as lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis and fatty acyl chain elongation. The NADP+/NADPH redox pair is used in a variety of antioxidation mechanism where it protects agains reactive oxidation species accumulation. NADPH is generated in vivio by the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP).

NADPH is an electron donor and a cofactor for many redox enzymes including nitric oxide synthetase.

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2′-phosphate (NADP+) and β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2′-phosphate, reduced (NADPH) comprise a coenzyme redox pair (NADP+:NADPH) involved in a wide range of enzyme catalyzed oxidation reduction reactions. The NADP+/NADPH redox pair facilitates electron transfer in anabolic reactions such as lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis and fatty acyl chain elongation. The NADP+/NADPH redox pair is used in a variety of antioxidation mechanism where it protects agains reactive oxidation species accumulation. NADPH is generated in vivio by the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP).

Synonym: p-Nitrophenyl phosphate disodium hexahydrate, Disodium 4-nitrophenyl phosphate hexahydrate, di-Sodium 4-nitrophenyl phosphate, pNPP disodium hexahydrate

4-Nitrophenyl phosphate disodium salt hexahydrate has been used:
• as a component in diethanolamine buffer to detect alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibodies in enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
• to treat adherent cells in adhesion assay
• as a phosphatase substrate in in vitro phosphatase assay in substrate buffer for ELISA
• as a substrate to measure the kinetic parameters of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) phosphatase activity
• as substrate to assay acid phosphatase activity
• as substrate to assay bound antibodies with anti-rabbit/human alkaline phosphatase conjugate

Chromogenic substrate for the determination of acid and alkaline phosphatases.  The reaction produces a soluble end product that is yellow in color. The reaction may be stopped with 3 N NaOH and read at 405 nm.

p-Nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) is the substrate of choice for use with alkaline phosphatase in enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedures. It is the substrate of choice in alkaline phosphatase systems due to its high sensitivity. This substrate produces a soluble end product that is yellow in color and can be read spectrophotometrically at 405 nm. This product is tested for use in cell culture applications. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP), a small-molecule substrate can be used to study on alkaline phosphatases, acid phosphatases etc.

Synonym: G-6-P-Na₂, Robison ester

D-Glucose 6-phosphate is the core carbohydrate substrate for the enzymatic synthesis of archaetidyl-myo-inositols produced through a pathway involving myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase and CDP-archaeol.

Synonym: Disodium phenyl phosphate dihydrate, Phenyl phosphate disodium salt

Synonym: α-Ketopropionic acid sodium salt, 2-Oxopropanoic acid sodium salt, Pyruvic acid sodium salt

Sodium pyruvate (SP) is a simplest keto-acid. It crystallizes as very thin plates and belongs to the monoclinic system. Its utility in Knoevenagel condensation carried out in an aqueous medium has been examined. The standard molar enthalpy of formation and molar enthalpy of dissolution of SP at infinite dilution have been obtained. Its efficacy in treating mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes has been investigated.

Sodium pyruvate has been used:
• To prepare Bull Tyrode′s albumin-lactate-pyruvate diluent.
• In pyruvate tolerance test.
• To prepare oligodendrocyte culture medium.

Sodium pyruvate has been used as a component:
• of cutting solution for rat brain tissue slice preparation
• of M-199 medium for the maturation of oocytes
• of Krebs-Henseleit buffer for plasma incubation

Sodium pyruvate based therapeutic regimen is effective for treating mitochondrial diseases. It decreases tissue damage associated with the pathophysiology of brain damage, haemorrhagic shock and ischemia-reperfusion injury models.

Synonym: IPTG, Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside, Isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside

Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) is a molecular biology reagent. This compound is a molecular mimic of allolactose, a lactose metabolite that triggers transcription of the lac operon, and it is therefore used to induce protein expression where the gene is under the control of the lac operator.

Therefore, its concentration remains constant during an experiment. For induction, a sterile, filtered 1 M solution of IPTG is typically added by 1:1000 dilution into an exponentially growing bacterial culture, to give a final concentration of 1 mM. However, different concentrations of IPTG may also be used.