Innovative

Synonym: 3,7-bis(Dimethylamino)phenazathionium chloride, Basic Blue 9, Tetramethylthionine chloride

Methylene blue is a compound that occurs as crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. It is soluble in water, chloroform and partially soluble in alcohol. It is a photoactive dye, which is a member of phenothiazine family.

Methylene blue has been used:
• to stain vaginal cells
• for the preparation of protein aqueous ink
• to evaluate cell survival by staining

Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain or dye and indicator. It mediates the inactivation of enveloped viruses in plasma, when exposed to visible light. It is an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase. It also plays a key role in medicine as an antimalarial agent, reducing agent in methemoglobinemia and inducer of apoptosis in cancer cells.

Synonym: Basic blue 24, New Methylene Blue N zinc chloride double salt, Methylene blue N

New Methylene Blue N zinc chloride double salt has been used as a photosensitizer for the in vitro photodynamic inactivation of plant-pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum acutatum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. It has also been used to determine the in vitro susceptibilities of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum microconidia to photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT).

New Methylene Blue N zinc chloride double salt also known as methylene blue N is an azo dye. It can bind, neutralize and crosslink with RNA. This causes co-precipitation of ribosomal and residual RNA with the mitochondria and ferritin masses. These events make the living, young erythrocytes as microscopically visible, dark-blue clusters and filaments, referred to as reticulum. New Methylene Blue N zinc chloride double salt helps in counting of reticulocytes (erythrocytes containing RNA).

Synonym: PAR monosodium salt hydrate, 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol monosodium salt hydrate

Synonym: Pyronin G, Pyronin J, Pyronin Y

Pyronin Y has been used:
• in the purification of quiescent and cycling hematopoietic stem cells and staining of bone marrow cells (HSCs)
• as a component of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBS) solution for staining mammary gland side population cells (MG-SPs)
• staining of CD34⁺ cells

Pyronin Y is a cationic dye that intercalates RNA and is visible as a red band during electrophoresis. It has also been shown to accumulate in mitochondria of viable cells. In conjuction with Methyl Green or Nancy-520, Pyronin Y can be used as a fluorescent differential stain of nucleic acids in paraffin tissue sections.

Synonym: 3,3′-Bis[N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)aminomethyl]-o-cresolsulfonephthalein tetrasodium salt

It is an acid dye or a vital stain, that is used as a fluorescent marker of bone growth.

Xylenol orange tetrasodium salt has been used in FBX (ferrous benzoic xylenon orange) gel preparation to study the effects of MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) parameters on image quality.

Synonym: 4-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenylazo]benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt, Acid Orange 52, Helianthin, Orange III

Methyl orange is an orange colored synthetic dye, which undergoes a change in color depending on the pH of the solution. It basically develops a red color in acidic solution and yellow color in basic solution.

Synonym: 1-Phenylazo-2-naphthol-6,8-disulfonic acid disodium salt, 7-Hydroxy-8-phenylazo-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid disodium salt, Acid Orange 10, Wool Orange 2G

Orange G is an azo dye that is acidic in nature. It is widely used as a tracking dye for nucleic acid gel electrophoresis to track DNA front in agarose gels. Typically runs at 50bp in up to 2.5% agarose.

Orange G has been used as a DNA gel loading dye.

Orange G is a tracking dye used in nucleic acid electrophoresis to track DNA front in agarose gels. Also used in SDS-capillary electrophoresis as a standard. Typically runs at 50bp in up to 2.5% agarose.

Collagen stain for connective tissue. Used with Orcein, Alizarin Blue 2B, and Fast Green FCF in Kornhauser′s quadruple stain for most elementary structures of tissues.

Orange G is used in collagen stain for connective tissue. It is used with Orcein, Alizarin Blue 2B, and Fast Green FCF in Kornhauser′s quadruple stain for most elementary structures of tissues. It is also used along with acid fuchsin and light green in masson trichrome stain for the staining of cellular structures, red blood cells and muscle cells.

Synonym: Natural Red 28

Orcein is a weakly acidic orange-red fluorochrome and is mainly required for the staining of elastic tissue. It is not specific for chromatin staining, however, in acidic solutions it works as a basic dye and stains basophilic chromosomes purple red.

Orcein has been used for the staining of collagen. It has been used in aceto-orcein staining for detecting polar bodies in oocytes.

1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN), an orange colored dye, is commonly used as an acid-base indicator. It can form chelates with metal ions, which makes it a valuable indicator in complexometric titrations. PAN is also a spectrophotometric reagent, which can extract metal chelates into an organic solvent.

Synonym: Phenolsulfonphthalein

Phenol Red has been used for the preparation of phenol red gavage meal for measurement of gastric emptying in rats.

Suitable for use as a pH indicator.

Synonym: Catechol violet, Pyrocatecholsulfonphthalein

Pyrocatechol Violet (PV) is a sulfone phthalein dye. It chelates metal ions. The metal-PV complex is bluish-violet in color.

Pyrocatechol Violet has been used in the formation of dye-metal complexes. It has also been used to determine Cu²⁺ chelating activity.

Synonym: 2-(4-Dimethylaminostyryl)-1-ethylquinolinium iodide

Quinaldine Red has been used as a fluorescent probe for α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG).

Quinaldine Red (2-(p-Dimethylaminostyryl) quinoline ethiodide) is a very dark red or reddish-black colored powder. It has been used mainly for regulation of cell proliferation, in diagnostic agents of disease related with amyloid accumulation, detecting enzyme activity and dental bleaching materials. In addition, quinaldine red also been implicated in treatment of allodynia and virus infectious diseases. It is colorless at pH 1.4 and red at pH 3.2.

Synonym: 7-Hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one-10-oxide sodium salt

Resazurin sodium salt has been used in viability assay:
• to measure cell viability of A. fumigatus
• to assess cell proliferation
• to determine A. fumigatus viability in high-throughput screenings of microbial natural extracts
For the measurement of metabolic activity and proliferation of living cells.  The bioreduction of the dye reduces the amount of the oxidized form (blue) and concomitantly increases the fluorescent intermediate (red).

Resazurin is a blue, non-fluorescent dye originally used to test milk/biological fluids for bacterial and yeast contamination. It is also useful in sperm viability and semen quality test. Resazurin is applicable in cytotoxicity determination.

Pararosaniline is a cationic triarylmethane dye and one of the components of basic fuchsin. It gives a brilliant red color after dyeing polyacrylonitrile fibers.

Pararosaniline hydrochloride has been used:

• to prepare Schiff reagent
• to stain cow endometrial cytology samples
• to counterstain Prussian blue sections of mice brains

Synonym: 4,5,6,7-Tetrachloro-2′,4′,5′,7′-tetraiodofluorescein disodium salt, Acid Red 94, Bengal Rose B sodium salt, Rose Bengal sodium salt

Rose Bengal is a red or rose color dye and is anionic in nature. It is a 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro 2′,4′,5′,7′-tetraiodo derivative of fluorescein. It is widely used to detect damage to the ocular surface epithelium in ocular surface diseases such as dry eye and herpetic keratitis. Rose Bengal has mild antiviral potency.

Rose Bengal is used to stain dead and degenerating cells and mucus.

Rose Bengal has been used to evaluate acrosome integrity. It has also been used to initiate photothrombotic occlusion in blood.

Synonym: Basic Red 2, Cotton Red, Gossypimine, Safranin T, Safranin Y or A

Safranin O is a metachromatic, cationic dye. It is used as a counterstain in Gram staining. The stain colors Gram-negative bacteria pink to red and has no effect on Gram-positive bacteria. It is also used to assess glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in cartilage. The dye imparts an intense red to GAGs. It easily binds to polyanions.

Safranin O has been used in the staining of extraocular muscle mesenchymal stem cells (EOM-MSC) for the detection of cartilage, mucin and mast cell granules. It has also been used as a mediator dye in cytochrome P450 spectral assay.

Safranin O has been used to stain matrix proteoglycans to study cartilaginous tissue structural integrity in mice. It has also been used to stain chondrogenically differentiated human bone marrow stromal cells.

Synonym: Ceres black BN, Fat Black HB, Solvent Black 3

Sudan Black B has been used in brain BLAQ (Block Lipids and Aldehyde Quench) technique and is used in lipid detection.

Sudan Black B has been used to stain phospholipids and intracellular lipids. Staining pattern is almost similar to myeloperoxidase reaction, with positive staining of granulocytic cells, eosinophils and weak monocytic staining.It doesn’t stain lymphocytes. Sudan Black B can be used to stain older blood or bone marrow smears, but the stain slightly fades over time. It is considered to be a most sensitive and specific reagent for lipid staining. Sudan Black B stains phospholipids gray and neutral fats blue-black.

Synonym: 2,5-Diphenyl-3-(1-naphthyl)tetrazolium chloride, 2,5-Diphenyl-3-(α-naphthyl)tetrazolium chloride, TV

Tetrazolium Violet is a monotetrazolium salt which forms water-insoluble formazans. These salts are mainly used as indicators of extracellular redox activity and cell redox potential. Tetrazolium violet is positively charged and cell-permeable.

Tetrazolium Violet has been used to stain agar layers in bacteriophage plaque formation assays.

Synonym: 3,7-Diamino-5-phenothiazinium acetate, Lauth’s violet

Thionine (Lauth′s violet), a metachromatic dye, is widely used as a biological stain of materials such as DNA. Thionine is being studied as an electron mediator in the development of microbial fuel cells and electrochemical biosensors.

Thionin acetate salt has been used in the Nissl stain for the labeling of neuronal cell bodies.

Thionin is a metachromatic cationic dye. It is widely used as a biological stain especially in histology.

Synonym: Acid blue 147, Cyanol FF, XC

Xylene cyanol is often used as a tracking dye during agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has a slight negative charge and will migrate the same direction as DNA, allowing the user to monitor the progress of molecules moving through the gel. The rate of migration varies with gel composition.

Xylene Cyanol FF is used as a:
• histological stain and as tracker dye in DNA sequencing and electrophoresis
• gel-loading dye
• formamide RNA loading dye
• tracking dye in native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) loading buffer

Xylene Cyanol FF acts as nucleic acid stain.

Synonym: 2-[5-(2-Hydroxy-5-sulfophenyl)-3-phenyl-1-formazyl]benzoic acid monosodium salt, 2-Carboxy-2′-hydroxy-5′-sulfoformazyl-benzene monosodium salt

Molar absorption coefficients and stability constants of Zincon metal complexes for determination of metal ions and bioinorganic applications. 

A colorimetric indicator for Zn, Cu and Hg

Reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of zinc; Simultaneous determination of zinc and copper; Used in automated flow injection analysis of zinc

Synonym: 5,5′-Nitrilodibarbituric acid monoammonium salt, Ammonium purpurate

Murexide (NH₄C₈H₄N₅O₆, or C₈H₅N₅O₆·NH₃), also called ammonium purpurate or MX, is the ammonium salt of purpuric acid. It may be prepared by heating alloxantin in ammonia gas to 100 °C, or by boiling uramil (5-aminobarbituric acid) with mercury oxide. W. N. Hartley found considerable difficulty in obtaining specimens of murexide sufficiently pure to give concordant results when examined by means of their absorption spectra, and consequently devised a new method of preparation for murexide. In this process alloxantin is dissolved in a large excess of boiling absolute alcohol, and dry ammonia gas is passed into the solution for about three hours. The solution is then filtered from the precipitated murexide, which is washed with absolute alcohol and dried. The salt obtained in this way is in the anhydrous state. It may also be prepared by digesting alloxan with alcoholic ammonia at about 78 °C; the purple solid so formed is easily soluble in water, and the solution produced is indistinguishable from one of murexide.

Murexide in its dry state has the appearance of a reddish purple powder, slightly soluble in water. In solution, its color ranges from yellow in strong acidic pH through reddish-purple in weakly acidic solutions to blue-purple in alkaline solutions. The pH for titration of calcium is 11.3.