Innovative

Synonym: 6-Aminopurine, Vitamin B₄

Adenine is a purine nucleobase, synthesized from inosine monophosphate(IMP). It is a nitrogenous heterocyclic aromatic compound.It is part of DNA and RNA.
Adenine (Ade) is a purine base, which is present in nucleic acids. It binds with ribose to form nucleoside adenosine (A) and attach to deoxyribose to form nucleoside deoxyadenosine (dA).

Adenine is suitable for use:
• as a component of boron-deficient media to grow yeast in order to assess whether yeast growth is stimulated by boron
• as a food supplement for adult rats to investigate the effects of dietary adenine overload
• as a nucleic acid base supplement in the basal media used to grow anaerobic Bacillus mojavensis and Bacillus subtilis in a study to show that DNA or deoxyribonucleosides are required for the anaerobic growth of these bacteria
• as an additive to investigate the effects of adenine on CH₄ production and on fermentation by ruminal batch cultures from nonlactating Holstein cows
• as a part of adenine diet in rats in a study to identify blood markers for early stages of adenine-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Adenine has been used:
• a component of green medium used for the derivation of keratinocytes from plucked hair follicles
• for the serial culture of adult murine keratinocytes
• as a media component for SSEA4⁺ limbal stromal stem cell differentiation
• in yeast extract supplemented (YES) broth and yeast nitrogen base glutamate (YNG)l media

Adenine is essential for many biochemical processes. Adenine is converted to adenosine with ribose. On phosphorylation, it forms AMP, ADP and ATP. ATP is the energy currency of the cell and is required during cellular metabolism. Adenine is metabolized to is 2,8-dihydroxyadenine, which on accumulation in proximal tubules leads to the induction of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with severe anemia in rats. Adenine based derivatives elicit antiviral functionality against dsDNA viruses and are exploited for generating antiviral scaffolds.
Adenine is a component of important biomolecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). NAD and FAD forms the structure of DNA and RNA, and plays important role in protein synthesis. ATP is an energy source, that is essential for cellular respiration.

Synonym: 6-Aminopurine hemisulfate salt, Adenine sulfate salt

Adenine is a component of DNA, RNA, cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). It is also part of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and signaling molecules cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP).

Adenine hemisulfate salt has been used:
• complete supplement mixture (CSM)
• yeast extract with supplements (YES) medium for culturing S. pombe strain
• synthetic complete glucose-based yeast media (SC) for S. cerevisiae cultures
• as component of auxotrophy selection reagent for yeast culture
• as essential nutrient to improve yeast transformation efficiency
• as a component of synthetic complete (SC) medium for yeast culture
Adenine is a purine nucleobase with a wide range of chemical and biochemical roles in vivo and in vitro. It is a regulatory molecule and a component of DNA, RNA, cofactors (NAD, FAD) and signaling molecules (cAMP).
Adenine may be used as a plant cell culture additive. Adenine Sulphate (25mg/L) in the culture media such as Murashige & Skoog media improves the frequency of multiple shoot production and recovered the chlorotic symptoms of the leaves.

Synonym: 9-β-D-Ribofuranosyladenine, Adenine riboside, Adenine-9-β-D-ribofuranoside

The nucleoside adenosine consists of the purine adenine and the sugar ribose. Thus, it is also referred as adenine-D-ribose. Adenosine is an important molecule that forms nucleotides, which is a part of nucleic acids forming the DNA and RNA. The nucleotides include: adenosine monophosphate, adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate.
In the extracellular space, ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73) dephosphorylates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to produce adenosine. Adenosine has four receptors namely A1R, A2AR A2BR and A3R. Adenosine plays a key role in the osteogenic differentiation. A1R induces osteoclast differentiation and A2AR induces osteoblast differentiation.

Adenosine has been used as a supplement in DMEM (Dulbecco′s modified Eagle medium):
• to evaluate the outgrowth of the interspecies somatic cell nucleus transfer (iSCNT)-derived blastocysts
• to maintain the CGR8 ES (germ-line competent cell line) cells
• for plasmid transfection and cloning of embryonic stem cells

Adenosine has been used:
• as a supplement in embryonic type culture medium for in vitro osteogenic differentiation
• for evaluation of its effect on cell survival by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT assay) and cell proliferation by ³H-thymidine incorporation assay in multi drug resistant glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs), and as a standard in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
• as a constituent in collagenase solution for the collagenase digestion of mice fat tissue.

Endogenous neurotransmitter at adenosine receptors. Cardioprotective effects may relate to activation of A₁ adenosine receptors. The antiplatelet and anti−inflammatory actions of adenosine appear to be mediated via the A₂ adenosine receptor. In contrast, adenosine appears to be a pro-inflammatory mediator in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Tissue injury, ischemia and abnormal cell proliferation stimulate the release of adenosine. Adenosine helps in countering the effects of reduced oxygen and energy in organs such as heart, brain and skeletal muscles mediating vasodialation. It delivers its action through G protein-coupled receptors. Adenosine also reduces the release of neurotransmitters and cellular metabolism.

Synonym: ADP

Adenosine 5′-diphosphate is a P2Y receptor agonist. Adenosine 5′-diphosphate has been used to study the release, neuronal effects and removal of extracellular β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD+) in the rat brain. Adenosine 5′-diphosphate has also been used to compare prasugrel versus clopidogrel antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndrome.

P2Y receptor agonist.

Synonym: 5′-ADP-Na₂

Adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP) is an adenine nucleotide involved in energy storage and nucleic acid metabolism via its conversion into ATP by ATP synthases. ADP affects platelet activation through its interaction with ADP receptors P2Y1, P2Y12 and P2X1. Upon its conversion to adenosine by ecto-ADPases, platelet activation is inhibited via adenosine receptors.

Synonym: ATP disodium salt

Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) is essential for biological processes including neurotransmission, signal transduction, muscle contraction and cardiac function. ATP is the major energy potential for living systems. They are released from cells under stress and play a key role in immune response. ATP release from injured neurons and consequent breakdown leads to generation of adenosine. ATP may serve as a therapeutic option in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine for the management of pain.Elevated ATP levels are indicative of cell damage and inflammation.

Adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate has been used:
• as a component of transfection mix for the transformation of CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid in parasites
• in inflammasome activation assays in bone marrow derived macrophages
• for the stimulation of macrophages
• in nucleotide synthesis
• to prepare adenosine triphosphate (ATP) standard solutions to determine ATP levels in various bacterial cultures
• bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) treatment
• as a preparation free of contaminating guanine nucleotides to study the binding effects of coatomer β subunit (β-COP)
Adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate has been used as a component of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) assay start buffer.^[1] It has also been used in a feeding behavior study of Rhodnius prolixus as a potent phagostimulant in feeding solutions to enhance the feeding rate.

Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) is a central component of energy storage and metabolism in vivo. ATP is use in many cellular processes, respiration, biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. ATP is a substrate of many kinases involved in cell signaling and of adenylate cyclase(s) that produce the second messenger cAMP. ATP provides the metabolic energy to drive metabolic pumps. ATP serves as a coenzyme in a wide array of enzymatic reactions.

P₂ purinergic agonist; increases activity of Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channels; substrate for ATP-dependent enzyme systems

Cytidine has been used as a non-essential aminoacid component of minimal essential medium (MEM) to analyse Interspecies somatic cell nucleus transfer (iSCNT)-derived blastocysts. It has also been used as a supplement in the culture medium of HeLa cells, to study the effects of cytidine addition on rods and rings (RR) induced by glutamine deprivation.

Synonym: 4-amino-5-fluoro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone, Flucytosine

Flucytosine, also known as 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), is an antifungal medication. It is specifically used, together with amphotericin B, for serious Candida infections and cryptococcosis. It may be used by itself or with other antifungals for chromomycosis. Flucytosine is used by mouth and by injection into a vein.

Common side effects include bone marrow suppression, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, and psychosis. Anaphylaxis and other allergic reactions occasionally occur. It is unclear if use in pregnancy is safe for the baby. Flucytosine is in the fluorinated pyrimidine analogue family of medications. It works by being converted into fluorouracil inside the fungus, which impairs its ability to make protein.

Flucytosine was first made in 1957. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system. As of 2016, in the United States the medication cost about US$2,000 per day while in the United Kingdom it is about US$22 per day. It is not available in much of the developing world.

Used in studies on TMP biosynthesis.

Nucleoside analog that has antifungal activities. 5-FC is deaminated by cytosine deaminase to product 5-fluorouracil, resulting in RNA miscoding. 5-Fluorocytosine inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis and interferes with ribosomal protein synthesis.

Synonym: 2,4-Dihydroxy-5-fluoropyrimidine, 5-FU, 5-Fluoro-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

5-Fluorouracil has been used to induce apoptosis in cells. It has been used as a chemosensitizing agent.

A potent antitumor agent that affects pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting thymidylate synthetase, thus depleting intracellular dTTP pools. It is metabolized to ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides, which can be incorporated into RNA and DNA. Treatment of cells with 5-FU leads to an accumulation of cells in S-phase and has been shown to induce p53 dependent apoptosis.

Synonym: 2-Amino-6-hydroxypurine hydrochloride

Guanine hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt of the purine base, guanine. It is a component of basal medium.

Guanine hydrochloride may be used in the synthesis of Na₁₀[Pt₂(μ-PO₄)₄(C₅H₃N₅O)₂].22H₂O.

Synonym: 6-Hydroxypurine

Hypoxanthine (6-hydroxypurine), a purine derivative is a naturally occurring compound. It is the deaminated form of adenine and a breakdown product of adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

Hypoxanthine is a nutrient additive for a variety of cell culture applications involving bacterial, parasite (Plasmodium falciparum) and animal cells. Hypoxanthine is a component of selection media used in hybridoma technologies.
Hypoxanthine is the purine base of the nucleoside inosine. Hypoxanthine may be used as a substrate to study the specificity and kinetics of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferases.

Hypoxanthine has been used:
• as a supplement in HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) -buffered Roswell park memorial institute (RPMI) to culture Plasmodium falciparum strain IT/FCR3
• in the preparation of Dulbecco′s modified eagle′s medium (DMEM) + MXH for the selection of chimeric modified vaccinia virus ankara (MVA)
• to generate superoxide anions

Hypoxanthine is capable of stimulating cell death. It can also induce reactive oxygen species (ROS). It results in endothelial dysfunction via apoptosis, stimulated by oxidative stress.

Synonym: (−)-Inosine, Hypoxanthine 9-β-D-ribofuranoside

Inosine is a non-canonical nucleotide majorly present as monophosphate. It has ability to base pair with deoxythymidine, deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine. Incorporation of inosine in place of guanine modulates translational events. Inosine has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective functionality. Inosine is prescribed as a therapeutic supplement for nerve injury, inflammation and oxidative stress. It modulates biological processes through adenosine receptors. Its enhances neurite outgrowth in depressive disorders via adenosine receptors. Inosine is also used for treating sepsis in infections.

Inosine has been used:
• as a medium supplement in nucleotide rescue experiments in pancreatic cancer cell lines.
• as a component in holidic (synthetic) medium and in larval two-choice preference assay.
• as a reference standard in mass spectroscopy.

Inosine is a potent stimulator of nerve growth factor (NGF) induced neurite outgrowth. The elevated levels of inosine in brain following injury are associated with the increased expression proteins related to axonal regeneration and growth. Mice given inosine demonstrated enhanced recovery of fine motor control following ischemic brain damage. Inosine may be used in studies of the process A-to-I RNA editing.

Synonym: 2,4(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinedione, 2,4-Dihydroxypyrimidine, 2,4-Pyrimidinediol

Uracil is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA that are represented by the letters A, G, C and U. The others are adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). In RNA, uracil binds to adenine via two hydrogen bonds. In DNA, the uracil nucleobase is replaced by thymine. Uracil is a demethylated form of thymine.

Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative. The name "uracil" was coined in 1885 by the German chemist Robert Behrend, who was attempting to synthesize derivatives of uric acid. Originally discovered in 1900 by Alberto Ascoli, it was isolated by hydrolysis of yeast nuclein; it was also found in bovine thymus and spleen, herring sperm, and wheat germ. It is a planar, unsaturated compound that has the ability to absorb light.

Based on ¹²C/¹³C isotopic ratios of organic compounds found in the Murchison meteorite, it is believed that uracil, xanthine, and related molecules can also be formed extraterrestrially.

In 2012, an analysis of data from the Cassini mission orbiting in the Saturn system showed that Titan's surface composition may include uracil.

Synonym: 1-β-D-Ribofuranosyluracil, Uracil-1-β-D-ribofuranoside

Uridine is a uracil nucleoside, specific for RNA sequence. Uridine is present in blood, seminal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid. Uridine is synthesized in living organisms by de novo and salvage pathways.
Uridine is a pyrimidine nucleoside which is crucial for the synthesis of RNA and membranes. It helps in normal cell function and growth by forming pyrimidine nucleotide -lipid conjugates.

Uridine has been used:
• as a component of hippocampal neuron medium for culture of primary hippocampal neuron cells
• in uridine rescue experiments in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human breast cancer cells
• in chase sequencing experiments
• as an inhibitor of schwann cell proliferation in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons culture
• as a medium supplement for epiblasts culture
• as a component of 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine stock solution used for neuronal culture

Uridine has been used to study the functional complementation of nucleoside hydrolase from a protozoan parasite and mammalian uridine phosphorylase on URH1 (uridine hydrolase) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
It has been used to check the effect of chronic uridine application on liver metabolism in mice.

Uridine monophosphate is essential for protein glycosylation, polysaccharide biosynthesis and lipid metabolism. Oral administration of uridine is suggested for anisopoikilocytosis and epileptic encephalopathy disorders. Uridine has numerous biological functions like treating dry eye syndrome, regulating nervous system and favors reproduction. High levels of uridine are implicated in insulin resistance.

Synonym: 2,6-Dihydroxypurine

Xanthine is synthesized from guanine in the presence of enzyme guanine deaminase. Xanthine oxidase catalyzes the production of xanthine from hypoxanthine and its subsequent breakdown to uric acid. Xanthine derivatives are present in coffee, tea and cocoa seeds. Xanthine being a flexible molecule, could serve as a lead for the generation of pharmacologically active compounds.

Xanthine has been used in nonradiolabled substrate mix in Aspergillus nidulans transport assay. It has also been used as a substrate for xanthine oxidase for superoxide anion generation in gill cells and algal cells.

A high level of xanthine is implicated in metabolic disorders like Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Xanthine based biosensor may be useful for detecting xanthine in food and clinical samples. The blood and urine samples of patients with renal failure, gout and xanthinuria show high levels of xanthine.

Synonyms :
UMP, Uridylic acid disodium salt, U 5′-P, 5′-UMP-Na₂

General description : 
Uridine 5′-monophosphate is a pyrimidine mononucleotide. It is formed by decarboxylation of orotidine 5′-monophosphate. UMP is further converted to UTP (uridine 5′-triphosphate) using kinases.

Synonym: 4-Amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine, 4-Aminopyrimidin-2-(1H)-one

Cytosine has been used:
• for the preparation of nucleobase solutions
• as a standard for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
• for the estimation of global methylation rate
• for nucleoside 5′-triphosphate (NTP) synthesis
• purification

Cytosine (C) is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).

Cytosine is a pyrimidine, which forms three hydrogen bonds to base pair with guanine. It forms a nucleotide cytidine, that is phosphorylated to cytidine 5′ monophosphate (CMP), cytidine 5′ diphosphate (CDP) and cytidine 5′ triphosphate (CTP).

Synonym: 9-(β-D-Ribofuranosyl)guanine, Guanine-9-β-D-ribofuranoside

Guanosine is an aromatic organic molecule and a purine nucleoside. It is present in the cerebrospinal fluid, intestinal cells, blood-brain barrier and in brain microvessels.

Guanosine has been used:
• as a reference standard for the analysis of glucosinolates by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS)
• as a component of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEFs) culture
• as a standard for the detection of residual RNA contaminant in oil palm plant genome samples by HPLC
• For use in cell culture applications as a precursor of GMP, GDP, GTP and cGMP.

Guanosine is a purine nucleoside that upon sequential phosphoylation (kinases) forms GTP which is used by RNA polymerases to synthesis RNA(s). GTP is also important in a wide range of GTPase-dependent cell signaling processes. Guanosine is used in selective matricies such a guanosine gels (G-gels) for use in capillary electrophoresis chiral selection and other applications.

Guanosine nucleoside elicits cellular effect as the guanine-based purinergic system. It modulates glutamate uptake by glutamate transporters. It may have neuroprotective functionality in central nervous system disorders. Guanosine promotes neurite arborization, outgrowth, proliferation and differentiation. Administration of guanosine replenished GTP and elicits protective function in renal ischemic injury.

Synonym: 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one, 2-Amino-6-hydroxypurine, 2-Aminohypoxanthine

Adenine, cytosine, thymine and guanine are the four main nucleobases found in nucleic acids DNA and RNA. Guanine is a purine derivative. It is reported to assemble into square-planar groups that resemble macrocycles, in which the bases interact via hydrogen bonds. In DNA and RNA, stretches of guanine bases are reported to form stable four stranded helices in the presence of sodium or potassium ions. The electrochemical oxidation of guanine has been studied in aqueous media at various carbon electrodes. It reacts with peroxynitrite under physiological conditions to afford 8-nitroguanine.

Guanine is suitable reagent used to investigate the mechanism of electrochemical oxidation of guanine and adenine using a glassy carbon microelectrode and cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. It may be used in the preparation of mixed-sequence peptide nucleic acid (PNA) monomers.