Innovative

1,10-Phenanthroline hydrochloride monohydrate can be utilized as a precursor for the synthesis of:
• 3-bromo-1,10-phenanthroline and 3,8-dibromo-1,10-phenanthroline by treating with bromine.
• Copper phenanthroline complex by reacting with isonitrosothiazolylbenzothiazolylmethanide.

1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrate (phen) may be used in the photochemical quantification of Fe³⁺ and total iron in mineral samples. It may be used as starting reagent for the preparation of 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline.

When complexed with copper, it possesses nuclease activity that has been used to study DNA-protein interactions.

1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrate is an aromatic nitrogen heterocycle that may be used as a chelating agent in the preparation of metal-chelate complexes.

1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrate has been used:
• as an inhibitor of metalloproteinase (MMP) in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells
• as a negative control in in situ zymography of mice heart samples
• in in vitro resveratrol chelation and reducing activities assays to chelate iron

Phloroglucinol is a trihydroxybenzene with antithrombotic, profibrinolytic, antimicrobial, antimalarial, cancer chemopreventive, anti-HIV and anti-leishmanial activities. Phloroglucinol (PG) is a biosynthetic precursor of the 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) an antibiotic against soil-borne diseases. Phloroglucinol is a useful intermediate because it is polyfunctional.

Quercetin is an antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial compound. Quercetin is a well-known bioflavonoid and its influence on tumour growth in vivo has been reported. Quercetic exhibits leishmanicidal effect on the amastigote stage of Leishmania donovani.

Application: 
Quercetin hydrate was used as leishmanicidal flavonol to investigate the inhibition of recombinant arginase from Leishmania amazonensis by quercetin, quercitrin and isoquercitrin.

Phenylmercury nitrate is a mercury-based organic compound known to have antibacterial and antifungal activities. It is also used as a preservative for parenteral injections.

Silver diethyldithiocarbamate (silver (I) N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate) is a silver salt. Its crystals exhibit monoclinic crystal system and space group P2_c.

Application:
Reagent for the detection of arsenic and for the introduction of the diethyldithiocarbamato ligand.

Silver diethyldithiocarbamate may be used in the following studies:
• Quantitative estimation of inorganic As(III) by spectrophotometric method.
• As a colorimetric reagent for the characterization and quantification of arsenic in aqueous samples.
• As a precursor for the synthesis of Ag₂S-graphene nanocomposite.

Also used for colorimetric determination of small quantities of arsenic

Spin trap used in conjunction with Fe²⁺ to detect NO in brain, kidney, liver, and other tissues. Simultaneous direct measurement of NO* and pO₂ has been reported. A copper chelator, it has been used to quantitate copper in biological materials by ESR and is an inhibitor of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate oxidase, and other enzymes.

Silver(I) sulfadiazine (AgSD) is popularly used for treating second-degree burn wounds as it acts as an antimicrobial agent and prevents infections. Silver sulfadiazine-impregnated polyurethane (PU) foam, chitosan/chondroitin sulfate films may be used for wound dressing.

Sodium tetraphenylborate (Ph₄BNa) undergoes rhodium-catalyzed addition reactions with N-phenylsulfonyl aldimines to afford R(Ph)CHNHSO₂Ph.

Sodium tetraphenylborate (Ph₄BNa) may be used in the synthesis of polyfunctional biaryls via modified Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. It may be employed as a derivatization reagent for the analysis of methylmercury and ethylmercury by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry (AES) and mass spectrometry (MS).

Reagent for the precipitation and titration of potassium; For the amperometric titration of amines, quaternary ammonium compounds and potassium; For the titration of quaternary ammonium surfactants; Titrant for amines and NH₄Cl in the presence of a K selective electrode.

DL-Tartaric acid can be used:
• In the Debus–Radziszewski reaction as a weak acid for the synthesis of imidazolium ionic liquid.
• As an additive in electrochemical deposition technique for the synthesis of bismuth thin films to be used as X-ray absorbers.
• As a complexing agent for the synthesis of nano-crystalline indium tin oxide (ITO) powder.
• As a dopant for the synthesis of polyaniline nanofibers and nanotubes by oxidation polymerization.

D-(-)-Tartaric acid is a polycrystalline solid, widely used as food additive. It has been reported to exhibit piezoelectric effect.

D-(−)-Tartaric acid is a polyhydroxy acid. Oxidation of d-tartaric acid has been reported. Crystal structure of D-(−)-tartaric acid has been studied by X-ray and neutron diffraction. Tartaric acid is reported to be one of the constituents of soy bean Lipositol. Tartaric acid assists in the generation Y₂O₃:Eu³⁺ nanoparticles by sol–gel method. Tartaric acid is the main acid present in grapes and red wine.

Tartaric acid is a polyhydroxy acid with wide applications in the textile, pharma, and food industries. It is commonly used as a food additive and acts as an antioxidant and acidification agent. It is also used as a starting material for the preparation of many bioactive molecules.

D-(-)-Tartaric acid has been used in the near-field, terahertz time-domain spectroscopic (THz-TDS) analysis of waveguides filled with polycrystalline D-tartaric acid, and with polyethylene and silicon powders.

D-(−)-Tartaric acid may be used in the synthesis of the HIV-protease inhibitor nelfinavir. It may be used in the synthesis of chiral aziridine derivative, a common intermediate for the synthesis of hydroxyethylamine class HIV protease inhibitors such as saquinavir, amprenavir, or nelfinavir.

L-(+)-Tartaric acid is an organic acid naturally found in grapes and wines. It is widely used as flavoring agent and antioxidizing agent for various beverages (grape juices and wines). It can be synthesized starting from L-ascorbic acid (AA, vitamin C). Its forms various hydrogen-_L-tartrate salts, which have important applications in crystal engineering studies. Its quantification in grape juice has been carried out by recording HPLC chromatograms.

2-Thiobarbituric acid is a molecule made up of heteroatoms: nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen.

2-Thiobarbituric acid has been used to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) in lipid peroxidation assay.

2-Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) is useful to quantitate lipopolysaccharides, carrageenan, and sialic acids. It is also used to detect lipid hydroperoxides and lipid oxidation. It has applications in the field of medicine and biochemistry. TBA may possess the ability to prevent metal corrosion.

Synonym: ‘Dithiol’, 3,4-Dimercaptotoluene, 4-Methyl-1,2-benzenedithiol

Used to generate the corresponding dithiolate ligand in a study of dinuclear gold(I) dithiolate complexes.

Synonym: 2,4,6-Tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine, 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine

2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine is a Case and Koft compound generally used in determination of iron in a colorimetric analysis.

2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine is a complexing reagent used in spectrophotometric analysis.

TPTZ may have been used in evaluating ionization constant and the formation constant of cobalt-TPTZ complex using spectrophotometric method.

Reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of Fe(II) and of total Fe

Vanillin is an aromatic compound, and is used for flavoring foods. It is has biogenetic relationship to phenylpropanoid pathway. It is mostly used in foods, beverages, perfumes and pharmaceuticals.
Vanillin is the main aroma constituent that contributes to the vanilla flavor. It occurs naturally in the vanilla pods.
Vanillin is the world's most popular flavor and fragrance compound. It may be a potential agent of pharmacological importance and useful for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Eumelanin-inspired core derived from vanillin has been found to be useful for the synthesis of eumelanin-inspired small molecules and polymer via Sonogashira cross coupling. Biotechnology-based vanillin synthesis using ferulic acid, eugenol and glucose as substrates and bacteria, fungi and yeasts as microbial production hosts has been reported. Vanillin, a polar aromatic flavor compound, is present in the extracts of natural and artificial vanilla flavors.

It has been used as reference standard in calibrating hot stage; during thermomicroscopic investigation performed with optical polarizing microscope; usually equipped with a hot stage and temperature controller.
Vanillin is suitable for use in a study to evaluate its sensitizing effect on a tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-resistant human cervical cancer cell line, HeLa.

Metal-complexing agent

Pyrogallol undergoes quick autooxidation in alkaline solution. Due to this property, its alkaline solution is generally used for the removal of oxygen from gases. Pyrogallol may also be used to prepare pyrogallol monomethyl ether via methylation and gallacetophenone via a modified Nencki reaction.

Pyrogallol has been used:
• in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay
• to induce modification in mitochondrial DNA and to characterize the same
• as a standard to confirm the presence of pyrogallol in butanol fraction of white rose petal extract

Thioacetamide may be used as a source of sulfur required for the synthesis of CdS nanoparticles in PVA (poly (vinyl alcohol)) solutions. It may be used in the preparation of sulfur precursor stock solution, which was required during the synthesis of CdS quantum dots in PVA-COOH (carboxylic acid functionalized poly(vinyl alcohol)) and EPC (Enzyme-Polymer Conjugate) solutions.

Thioacetamide may be used in the preparation of Sb(TA)₂Cl₃, a precursor for oxide-free stibnite. The addition of TA during the synthesis of visible-light activated titanium dioxide photocatalysts led to an increase in its photocatalytic activity.

Vanillic acid is used as a precursor in the synthesis of a wide range of bio-based epoxy resins and polyesters. It is also a key starting material in the total synthesis of barmumycin 4 and bosutinib.

3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde forms 1:1 inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins. It reacts with 3-acetyl-2,5-dimethythiophene to yield chalcone dye, (2E)-3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(2,5-dimethylthiophen-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one.

3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde was used in the preparation of 4-chloromethyl-2-(dimethoxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxolane. It was used in the synthesis of (+)-lithospermic acid, having anti-HIV activity.