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Guanidine hydrochloride has been used:
• as a component of the extraction buffer for the extraction of proteoglycans
• in extraction during protein fractionation of ATDC5 cell lines
• as a chemical additive to study its effective absorbance spectra in structural analysis
• to incubate the device chip to release prostate-specific antigen and for regeneration of aptamer
• as a component of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) solution for detecting protein carbonyls by protein carbonylation study
• in RNA isolation to dissociate nucleoproteins and inhibit RNase

Strong chaotropic agent useful for the denaturation and subsequent refolding of proteins. This strong denaturant can solubilize insoluble or denatured proteins such as inclusion bodies. This can be used as the first step in refolding proteins or enzymes into their active form. Urea and dithiothreitol (DTT) may also be necessary.

Guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) is a small hydroscopic molecule. It plays a role in inhibiting heat shock protein 104 (Hsp104) adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in vivo. It is a potent denaturant and inactivator of several enzymes and proteins. GuHCl can inactivate aminoacylase and papain. It is involved in unfolding and inactivation of alkaline phosphatase in Haliotis diversicolor. At higher concentrations, GuHCl is involved in virus inactivation such as Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1).

May agglomerate upon storage. The quality of the product does not appear to be affected and solutions prepared from the free-flowing and lumpy guanidine hydrochloride appear identical.

In order to make an 8M solution in water, one must heat the solution to 35 °C for approximately 30 minutes.
The maximum solubility of guanidine hydrochloride in water at room temperature is approximately 6M.

Synonym: 3β-Hydroxy-5-cholestene, 5-Cholesten-3β-ol

Cholesterol, a major sterol is the precursor for steroid hormones, bile acid and vitamin in mammals and coordinates endocytosis. It complexes with protein to form lipoproteins for transport in blood. It exists either as high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or low-density lipoprotein (LDL). HDL also called good cholesterol has less lipid content. LDL or bad cholesterol has high lipid content. Statin inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway controls elevated cholesterol levels in atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia. Low levels of cholesterol results in hypothyroidism, familial hypobetalipoproteinemia and liver disease. Imbalance of cholesterol homeostasis and intracellular cholesterol levels play a key role in cancer development. High cholesterol levels favor breast cancer progression.

Cholesterol has been used:
• as a medium supplement in chorionic villous tissue culture form placenta
• as a component of hormone pellet for implantation in mice ovary
• for inducing expression of immunity-related GTPase M (IRGM) in human monocytic cell line, THP-1

Cholesterol is a lipid that makes up about 20-25% of the structural components of the cell membranes. It determines the fluidity and permeability of the membrane, making it permeable to water but not to ions and protons. Cholesterol also regulates the functions of the transporters and signaling proteins present on the plasma membrane. The major sites of cholesterol synthesis are small intestine and liver.

Major component of all biological membranes; ~25% of total brain lipid is cholesterol.

Synonym: ACh

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released at nerve endings in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Acetylcholine chloride (C7H16ClNO2) is a stable cholinergic agonist with muscarinic and nicotinic actions. It is available as white or off-white hygroscopic crystals, or as a crystalline powder. Acetylcholine chloride is hygroscopic in nature and is highly soluble in water, alcohol, propylene glycol and chloroform.

Acetylcholine chloride has been used:
• as an agent to trigger sudomotor axon reflex response during autonomic test
• to induce contraction amplitude of pyloric circular smooth muscle strip (PCSMS) in rats
• as a substrate for acetylcholinesterase
• to stimulate after discharge in Aplysia bag cell neurons

Acetylcholine chloride, injected at 20 mg/kg body weight, reduces mortality and plasma proinflammatory cytokines in mice with experimentally-induced sepsis  . The cholinergic anti-inflammatory mechanism is probably mediated by interaction of acetylcholine with α7n cholinoreceptor on monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, which decreases the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.

Synonym: 3-Carboxy-4-nitrophenyl disulfide, 6,6′-Dinitro-3,3′-dithiodibenzoic acid, Bis(3-carboxy-4-nitrophenyl) disulfide, DTNB, Ellman’s Reagent

5,5′-Dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) is also called DTNB or Ellman′s reagent. It is a water soluble reagent, which interacts with thiol groups, and can be used conveniently at neutral pH. Thiolate anion (RS^-) reacts with Ellman′s reagent (DTNB^2-), to produce 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoate anion (TNB^2-) and one mixed disulfide (R-S-TNB^-). TNB^2- has a high molar absorption coefficient, and absorbs at 412nm. This absorption is independent of pH, at pH> 7.3.

Ellman′s reagent maybe used for acetylcholinesterase assay, and to specifically label cysteine residues. It is a sensitive reagent for measuring the free sulfhydryl content in proteins, peptides, and tissues.

Synonym: Agar substitute gelling agent, Gellan Gum

Synonym: threo-1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol, Cleland’s reagent, DTT

DTT has been used:
• as one of the reactants in the reduction and alkylation of αs1-Casein, the major allergen of cow′s milk.
• as a component of medium for the demembranation and reactivation of spermatozoa.
• to maintain stability of the enzyme as thiol effectively protects the active sites of the biocatalyst.
• as a reducing agent to test the specificity of the reaction of N-Ethylmaleimide with sulfhydryl groups.

DL-Dithiothreitol is a pivotal component used in the preparation of buffer which in turn is utilized in the platelet cytosol preparation. It is also important in isolation of RNA by using guanidinium salts and homogenisation of tissue and cells.

An excellent reagent for maintaining SH groups in reduced state; quantitatively reduces disulfides. DTT is effective in sample buffers for reducing protein disulfide bonds prior to SDS-PAGE. DTT can also be used for reducing the disulfide bridge of the cross-linker N,N′-bis(acryloyl)cystamine to break apart the matrix of a polyacrylamide gel. DTT is less pungent and is less toxic than 2-mercaptoethanol. Typically, a seven fold lower concentration of DTT (100 mM) is needed than is used for 2-mercaptoethanol (5% v/v, 700 mM).

DL-Dithiothreitol denatures proteins by reducing the disulphide bonds and reducing them to SH groups. It also prevents intramolecular and intermolecular disulfide bond formation between cysteine residues of proteins.

Synonym: 3-[2-(3,5-Dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]glutarimide, Actidione, Naramycin A

Cyclohexamide (CHX) is widely used for selection of CHX-resistant strains of yeast and fungi, controlled inhibition of protein synthesis for detection of short-lived proteins, super-induction of protein expression, and apoptosis induction or facilitation of apoptosis induction by death receptors. It has been shown to selectively clear macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques, activate cumulus-free equine oocytes, and to have neuroprotective properties.

Cycloheximide (CHX) is an antibiotic produced by Strptomyces sp.. Its main biological activity is translation inhibition in eukaryotes resulting in cell growth arrest and cell death. CHX is widely used for selection of CHX-resistant strains of yeast and fungi, controlled inhibition of protein synthesis for detection of short-lived proteins and super-induction of protein expression, and apoptosis induction or facilitation of apoptosis induction by death receptors.
Cyclohexamide inhibits protein biosynthesis in eukaryotic cells by binding with the 80S ribosome.

Synonym: β-Cyclodextrin, Caraway, Cycloheptaamylose, Cyclomaltoheptaose, Schardinger β-Dextrin

β-Cyclodextrin is a cyclic oligosaccharide with a cage-like supramolecular structure. The internal cavity is apolar and can form inclusion complexes with many compounds such as fats, flavors, and colors. This molecular complexation ability of β-CD is used in the food industry for flavor protection or flavor delivery and in the cosmetic industry for the controlled release of fragrances.

β-Cyclodextrin(β-CD) has been used in the synthesis of mono-6-tosyl-CD. It has also been used as a constituent in the serum-free medium to assess the involvement of cholesterol-dependent mechanisms in the uptake of nanoparticles by rat basophilic leukemia cells.

β-Cyclodextrin is the cyclic α heptamer of glucose. It acts as a host to form inclusion compounds with the guests including derivatives of benzene, cyclohexane, adamantane, other alicyclic guests, and also inorganic molecules or ions. It is generally used to solubilize non-polar compounds such a fatty acids, lipids and cholesterol.

Bilirubin, an end product of heme catabolism, forms from the breakdown of erythrocyte hemoglobin in the reticuloendothelial system. Heme oxygenase converts the heme of hemoglobin to biliverdin, and subsequently an NADPH-dependent biliverdin reductase converts biliverdin to bilirubin.
Bilirubin is commonly found bound to serum albumin, when circulating in blood, in its dianion form. Bilirubin is also associated with bile salts, in its monoanion form.
Disorders of hyperbilirubinemia may occur due to increased bilirubin synthesis or decreased bilirubin clearance.

Bilirubin has been used:
• in phantom preparation
• in in vitro experiments
• in the preparation of bilirubin solutions for infusion

Well over 99% of total bilirubin is transported as a conjugate with albumin. Abnormally high levels of bilirubin can cause severe neurological damage, but mildly elevated levels are linked to protection from oxidative stress.

Bilirubin has been studied for its properties as an endogenous antioxidant, such as for its capabilities to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to inhibit NADPH-oxidase activity. It appears to function as an efficient peroxyl radical scavenger, protecting membrane lipids from oxidation by these radicals. At nanomolar concentrations it has been shown to protect neurons from oxidative damage.

Synonym: 3,3′-(3,3′-Dimethoxy[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diyl)-bis(2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium) dichloride, 3,3′-Dianisole-4,4′-bis(3,5-diphenyltetrazolium chloride), BTC, Blue Tetrazolium chloride, Tetrazolium Blue chloride, TZ

Tetrazolium blue chloride (BTC) is a colorless tetrazolium compound that upon reduction forms a colored diformazan. The reactivity has been applied to the analysis of reducing compounds including the nanomolar detection of reducing sugars and carbidopa and methyldopa. BTC has been used for histological staining of mouse coronal brain sections and rat brain sections. In combination with 4-nitrocatechol, tetrazolium blue chloride forms a ternary complex with molybdenum(VI) for extraction and spectrophotometric determination of molybdenum. It has also been used to stain Francisella tularensis cells for tularemic microagglutination test.

Synonym: 4-Amino-N,N-dimethylaniline dihydrochloride, DMPD · 2HCl, DMPPDA · 2HCl

N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride is an azoreduction product of acid orange 52 (AO52). It is useful in the oxidase test which differentiates bacteria based on their ability to utilise the dye.

N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride has been used to determine the plasma oxidant capacity in terms of plasma ferric equivalent oxidative potential (PFEOP).
N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (DMPD) has been used in the HID-AB (high iron diamine-alcian blue) staining of intestinal tract samples.

N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (DMPD) is used for the determination of peroxidase. DMPD is converted into a red pigment of semiquinone nature. It is also used in the HID-AB (high iron diamine-alcian blue) staining procedures, which are used to differentiate between sialomucin and sulfomucin in the gastrointestinal tract.

Synonym: GSSG, Glutathiol

Glu-Cys-Gly, Glu-Cys-Gly [Disulfide bridge: 2a-2b]

L-Glutathione, oxidized is frequently measure in vivo as an indicator of oxidative stress. Oxidized L-Glutathione may be converted to L-glutathione by various reducing systems.

Synonym: 4-(Dimethylamino)aniline, 4-Amino-N,N-dimethylaniline, N,N-Dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, DMPPDA, DMPD

N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD, DMPD) is an aromatic amine mainly used as an intermediate to produce dyes. Its oxidation reaction with H₂O₂ in the presence of iron(III) catalyst has been used for the spectrophotometric detection of trace quantities of iron (III). Cyclovoltammetric studies have been conducted to evaluate the electrochemical oxidation of DMPD at various pH. DMPD on oxidation under basic conditions has been reported to undergo hydrolytic decomposition.

N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine may be used for the preparation of molecular compounds with tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (TCNQ). Polarized absorption spectra of these molecular compounds were investigated.

Synonym: Balsam Canada

Canada Balsam is a natural mounting medium obtained from balsam fir trees. The optical properties of Canada Balsam are nearly identical with those of glass. Specimens must be dehydrated before using this medium. Permanent slides mounted with Canada Balsam have been stored for over a century.

Canada balsam has been used as a mounting medium for cellular staining.
Canada balsam is used as a stable apolar hydrophobic mounting medium for light microscopy slide preparation, especially when long term storage is desired.

Synonym: Chloro(protoporphyrinato)iron(III), Chlorohemin, Chloroprotoporphyrin IX iron(III), Ferriprotoporphyrin IX chloride, Hemin(chloride)

Heme is a small molecule present either free or bound to hemoglobin in the bloodstream of mammals. This is an alternative source of iron within the host that contains a porphyrin ring containing a Fe²⁺ ion called hemin. 

Hemin was used to study conjugation, characterization and toxicity of lipophosphoglycan-polyacrylic acid conjugate for vaccination against leishmaniasis.

Hemin is used for the following applications:
• To study bacterial strains and growth conditions
• Used in short-term colony assays (the culture medium consists of hemin along with other components)
• Cell transfections
It may be used in β-hematin formation assay for analyzing the inhibitory activity of MMV (Medicines for Malaria Venture) Malaria Box compounds against the formation of β-hematin.

Hemin, the oxidized version of heme, is an iron-containing prosthetic group for a diverse group of proteins. Free heme, which can be released from hemoglobin following hemolysis, is pro-inflammatory and contributes to iron-derived reactive oxygen species. Free hemin levels may be upregulated in various pathological conditions and can contribute to various inflammatory conditions including vascular disorders, renal failure, and immune-mediated disorders.

Hemin may be used to study the expression and represson of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) as well as the activity of HO-1. Hematin is the "X factor" required to grown Haemophilus influenzae.

Synonym: Guanidinium rhodanide, Guanidinium thiocyanate

Guanidine thiocyanate has been used:
• for the lysis of colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line prior to RNA isolation
• as a PCR inhibitor in triplex mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) qPCR assay
• for DNA extraction from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Chaotropic agent and strong denaturant; solubilizes cells.

Guanidine thiocyanate is a denaturing agent and is used routinely in RNA isolation. It is used as a storage buffer for whole blood samples.Guanidine thiocyanate inactivates nucleases and is ideal for storing and freezing fecal samples for DNA studies. It is used in combination with phenol−chloroform in RNA extraction.

Guanidine thiocyanate interferes with the hydrogen bonds and intramolecular interactions of macromolecules. It solubilizes the proteins resulting in disintegration of cellular structures.

Synonym: 2,3-Naphthalenediamine, DAN

2,3-Diaminonaphthalene (DAN) has been used for the fluorometric measurement of nitrite/nitrate. It has been used for the nitrite measurement in cells.

2,3-Diaminonaphthalene (DAN) is used in the nitrite detection test, where it reacts with nitrite to form fluorescent 1H-naphthotriazol.

Synonym: Cedar Oil, Immersion Oil Natural, Juniperus Virginiana    
Cedarwood Oil (CAS Number: 8000-27-9)
Cedar oil, also known as cedarwood oil, is an essential oil derived from various types of conifers, most in the pine or cypress botanical families. It is produced from the foliage, and sometimes the wood, roots, and stumps which have been left after cutting of trees for timber extraction. It has many uses in medicine, art, industry and perfumery, and while the characteristics of oils derived from various species may themselves vary, all have some degree of bactericidal and pesticidal effects.

cedar wood oil obtained from cedar trees.

Cedar oil demonstrates antimicrobial activity against anaerobic bacteria and yeast, as assessed by a standardized broth assay .

Synonym: 3α,7α,12α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid, Cholanic acid

Cholic acid is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver which facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. It is a non-denaturing ionic detergent.

Dietary cholic acid has been used in a study to assess its effect on colonic epithelial cell proliferation.  It has also been used in a study to investigate extractions and comparisons of human erythrocyte ghosts. 

Non-denaturing ionic detergent used for extraction of membrane proteins.

Bile Acid