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Synonym: Natural Black 1

Hematoxylin is a basophilic dye extracted from the tree Heamatoxylum campechianum. It specifically binds to acidic compounds and thus is useful for staining cell nuclei which contain acidic substances: DNA and RNA. Hematoxylin, when oxidized forms hematein, which has thick pale blue purple colour. Hematoxylin is often used along with eosin, in histological study under light microscope.

Hematoxylin has been used:
• to visualize anatomical features and to detect nucleus locus coeruleus adjacent to the periaqueductal gray region in brainstem samples
• as a nuclear counterstain to visualize the nucleus, adipocytes were counterstained with a hematoxylin reagent
• to stain lung tissue for histological analysis

Synonym: (E,E)-1,7-bis(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione, Diferuloylmethane, Diferulylmethane, Natural Yellow 3

Curcumin is a pigment present in Curcuma longa L (turmeric). Also called diferuloyl methane, it is a symmetric molecule with a seven carbon linker connecting two o-methoxy phenolic groups containing aromatic rings. Curcumin is synthesized by Pabon′s reaction using vanillin and acetyl acetone in the presence of boric oxide.

Curcumin has been used:
• as a supplement to evaluate its anti-carcinogenic and anti-apoptotic effect on cancer cells and cardiomyocytes
• to test its anti-inflammatory effect in human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, the HL-60
• to evaluate its attenuating effect on amyloidαβ pathology
• to measure its antibacterial activity in vitro
• to determine its preventative effects for Alzheimer′s disease (AD) in mice
• as a bifunctional agent for generation and validation of the erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) reporter system
• to study its in vitro inhibitory effects on human liver glucuronidation activity^[4]
• to evaluate the effects of curcumin on Parkinson′s disease (PD)-like phenotypes

A natural phenolic compound. Potent anti-tumor agent having anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Curcumin has been cited as a potential chemopreventive agent, in addition to its chemotherapeutic activity.  Induces apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibits phorbol ester-induced protein kinase C (PKC) activity. Reported to inhibit production of inflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages. Potent inhibitor of EGFR tyrosine kinase and IκB kinase. Inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cycloxygenase and lipoxygenase. Easily penetrates into the cytoplasm of cells, accumulating in membranous structures such as plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope.
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a constituent of the yellow powder extracted from the roots of Curcuma longa Linn, also known as tumeric or turmeric. It is used as a spice and coloring agent for centuries. In addition, it is used to treat various diseases including, hepatic disorders, anorexia, diabetic wounds and rheumatism.

Synonym: Acid Blue 74, Indigo-5,5′-disulfonic acid disodium salt, Indigocarmine

Indigo carmine is a synthetic indigoid dye, which is generally used as a food coloring agent. It is basically used to maintain the natural color of food during processing or storage and also to improve the color, texture and appearance of food products.

Indigo carmine has been used in agarose plates to study behavioral feeding assays in Drosophila larvae. It has also been used for macroscopic assessment of intestinal adenomatous polyps isolated from mice.

Indigo carmine is a contrast dye which helps in highlighting mucosal changes. It accumulates in crevices, cysts and foveolae and stains the tissue blue. The abnormal tissue remains translucent pink.

Indigo Carmine (IC), commonly known as acid blue 74 or food blue 1 or FD and C blue 2 is a blue synthetic dye. It is used as a redox indicator in analytical chemistry and as a microscopic stain in biology. IC is also employed as a photometric detector. IC is a highly toxic indigoid dye and is associated with various health hazards such as irritation to the gastrointestinal tract leading to nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea and irritation in the respiratory tract leading to coughing and shortness of breath. IC exposure might also cause skin and eye irritations to humans. IC dye spray is used for the diagnosis of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis and is considered to be a simple, feasible, and safe method.

Synonym: Acid Violet 19, Fuchsin S, Fuchsin acid, Rubine S, Fuchsin acid (C.I. 42685)

Acid Fuchsin is mainly used as a diachrome and is part of the connective tissue stains. It also works as a pH indicator.

Acid Fuchsin has been used in tissue sections for Masson’s trichrome staining. It has been used as a marker to trace ingestion of solutions by green peach aphids.

Synonym: 3,6-Bis(dimethylamino)acridine hydrochloride zinc chloride double salt, 3,6-Bis(dimethylamino)acridinium chloride hemi(zinc chloride salt), Basic Orange 14

Acridine orange is a metachromatic fluorescent cationic dye that permeates the cell membrane and intercalates DNA and RNA. It allows for visual detection of nucleic acids on agarose and polyacrylamide gels.

Acridine Orange, a cell-permeable metachromatic fluorescent cationic dye that intercalates DNA and RNA, is used in fluorescence and epiflouresence microscopy. Acridine Orange dye has been used to analyze mitochondria and lysosomal content by flow cytometry, characterize multidrug resistance, and measure changes in mitochondrial mass during apoptosis in rat thymocytes.

Suitable for
• detection of nucleic acids separated by gel electrophoresis
• fluorescence and epifluorescence microscopy
• analysis of mitochondria and lysosomes by flow cytometry
• DNA staining in apoptosis studies

Acridine Orange hemi (zinc chloride) salt has been used to stain primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and is used in micronucleus tests (MNTs).

Acridine orange (AO) is a fluorescent dye with two different staining characteristics. In fixed tissues, it acts as a metachromatic dye and differentially stains DNA (green) and RNA (orange). But, in living cells it acts as a pH indicator and produce brilliant orange-red in acidic condition. AO has been used to identify apoptotic cells in drosophila embryos. Acridine Orange staining method has been used to deliver more consistent data in the micronucleus test.

Synonym: Basic Violet 14, Benzenamine, 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-imino-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methyl hydrochloride, Benzenamine, 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-imino-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methyl

Basic fuchsine is a mixture of rosaniline, pararosaniline, new fuchsine and Magenta II. Formulations usable for making of Schiff reagent must have high content of pararosanilin. The actual composition of basic fuchsine tends to somewhat vary by vendor and batch, making the batches differently suitable for different purposes.

In solution with phenol (also called carbolic acid) as an accentuator it is called carbol fuchsin and is used for the Ziehl–Neelsen and other similar acid-fast staining of the mycobacteria which cause tuberculosis, leprosy etc. Basic fuchsine is widely used in biology to stain the nucleus, and is also a component of Lactofuchsin, used for Lactofuchsin mounting.

Synonym: 3-Amino-7-(diethylamino)-2-methylphenoxazin-5-ium (T-4)-tetrachlorozincate (2:1), Brilliant Blue C

Brilliant Cresyl Blue has been used for the selection of oocytes. It has also been used for the selection of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs).
Brilliant cresyl blue has been used for the staining of reticulocytes.

Brilliant Cresyl Blue is mainly used for the selection of oocytes. It helps in determining the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). This enzyme is generated in growing oocytes. However, oocytes which complete their growth have low levels of G6PD. Low G6PD activity results in blue coloration of the cytoplasm because brilliant cresyl blue is not reduced to a colourless compound. It is also used for the staining in reticulocytes, where the dye stains reticulin.
Brilliant cresyl blue is responsible for the staining of RNA in reticulocytes.

The structure of Brilliant Cresyl Blue contains a 2-methyl modification on the phenoxazine core, while the structure of the historic Brilliant Cresyl Blue contains a 8-methyl modification on the phenoxazine core. The biological staining application is the same for both structures.

Bromocresol Green (BCG) is a pH sensitive triphenylmethane dye useful in a variety of colorimetric detection technologies. BCG is used as a tracking dye for DNA agarose gel electrophoresis, in protein determinations and in charge-transfer complexation processes. In TLC BCG is used for visualisation of the compounds with functional groups whose pKa is below 5.0.

Synonym: 3′,3′′,5′,5′′-Tetrabromophenolsulfonephthalein, Bromophenol Blue (BPB), Bromphenol Blue Sultone Form

Bromophenol Blue has been used as a tracking dye for nucleic acid and protein electrophoresis in agarose and polyacrylamide gels.
Bromphenol Blue is used as a tracking dye in DNA, RNA (agarose) and protein (polyacrylamide) gel electrophoresis. Bromophenol blue migrates at approximately the same rate as 300-500bp DNA in agarose gel and at the buffer front in protein polyacrylamide gels.

Synonym: Alum lake of carminic acid, Cochineal, Nacarat, Natural Red 4

Carmine is a red compound and is commonly used with aluminum, iron or other metal salts to enhance its activity. During smear preparation, carmine is required for chromatin staining in fresh material. In presence of aluminum chloride, it is required for the staining of glycogen.

Carmine has been used for the staining of mammary glands.It has also been used for the staining of chromosomes.

Synonym: Natural Red 4

The dye Carminic acid (C.I. 75470) is used to prepare dye-solutions. Together with a mordant solution of lithium, aluminium or boron it is used as a lake for staining. Carminic acid is applied for various stainings, e.g. for the detection of glycogen and mucous substances (Best′s carmine), for nucelar staining or for vital staining. CE-certified, IVD product.

Carminic acid (C.I. 75470) For staining nuclei in histological sections. Used to prepare staining solutions.
CAS 1260-17-9, pH 1.6 (10 g/l, H???O, 20 °C).
Carminic acid was used to compare and identify the Leucopis sp. using analytical methods like TLC and HPLC.

Synonym: Acid blue 90, Brilliant Blue G

Brilliant Blue G (BBG) is a dye. It has been proposed as a substitute for internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling.

Brilliant Blue G was used to prepare the protein reagent for the determination of protein content of the collagenase enzyme isolated from fish waste. It may be employed as stain for the internal limiting membrane (ILM) for the macular hole (MH) and epiretinal membrane (ERM) surgery.
Brilliant Blue G has been used for determining the urine protein concentration. It has been used for the protein band detection after SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). It has been used as a P2X7R (purinergic receptor) antagonist.

P2X7 purinergic receptor antagonist.

Protein stain for gel electrophoresis. Does not penetrate the gel and is three times more sensitive than Naphthol Blue Black B; Simple and sensitive protein assay; Rapid, sensitive and versatile assay for proteins; free amino acids and several chemicals that interfere with the Lowry procedure cause no interference.

Synonym: Acid Blue 83, Brilliant indocyanin 6B, Brilliant Blue R

For detection of protein bands following electrophoresis.

Brilliant Blue R is a methanol based stain. It can also stain agarose gels. It consists of methanol and acetic acid.

Protein stain for gel electrophoresis; 5 to 10 times more sensitive than Naphthol Blue Black B and Bromophenol (as little as 0.5 μg/cm² of protein could be detected in a gel matrix)

Synonym: 2,6-Dichlorobenzenone-indophenol sodium salt, 2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenol sodium salt hydrate, 2,6-Dichloro-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4-benzoquinoneimine sodium salt, DCIP, DPIP

2,6-Dichloroindophenol sodium salt hydrate is a blue redox dye.

2,6-Dichloroindophenol sodium salt hydrate is suitable for vitamin C determination. 2,6-Dichloroindophenol (DCIP) may be used in the following studies:
• As redox dye to investigate the efficiency of gold nanoparticles (Au-NP) for enzymatic activity of glucose oxidase (GOx).
• To compose UVB specific dosimeter.
• Quantification of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) in fruit juices.
• As substrate in NQO1 assay to investigate the liver cytosolic NQO1 activity spectrophotometrically.
• Mitochondrial succinate CoQ oxidoreductase (complex II) activity assay.

Synonym: 2′,4′,5′,7′-Tetrabromofluorescein disodium salt, Acid Red 87, Bromo acid J. TS, XL, or XX, Bromofluorescein, Bronze Bromo ES, D&C;Red No. 22, Eosin yellowish, Eosin Y disodium salt

Eosin Y disodium salt has been used for determining sperm viability. The swollen and stained spermatozoa were considered dead. In corneal epithelium, it has been used in the procedure of immunohistological staining.
Eosin Y disodium salt has been used as a counterstain in immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry.

Eosin Y is a xanthene dye and is used for the differential staining of connective tissue and cytoplasm. In histopathology, it is applied as a counterstain after hematoxylin and before methylene blue. It is also used as a background stain, thereby giving contrast to the nuclear stains.

Synonym: Eriochrome cyanine R (C.I. 43820), Mordant Blue 3

Synonym: Solochrome black T, Mordant Black 11

Eriochrome Black T is a hydroxyl-arylazo dye and is generally supplied as a monosodium salt. This dye exists as a dark violet powder with green metallic sheen. Eriochrome Black T is soluble in water and alcohol, but insoluble in common organic solvents. t is mainly used as an indicator in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) method to determine hardness of water.

Eriochrome Black T is used as an indicator for complexometric titrations. It functions as an acid-base indicator. Eriochrome Black T forms complex with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, but it binds more strongly to Mg²⁺ ions.

Eriochrome Black T has been used to determine the concentration of Ca²⁺ using complexometric titration method.

Synonym: 2,2′-Dihydroxy-1,1′-azonaphthalene-3′,4,6′-trisulfonic acidtrisodiumsalt, Hydroxynaphthol blue

Hydroxynaphthol blue is an azo dye. It is used for determining the endpoint in complexometric titrations/Metal Titration.

Synonym: Azure mixture sicc. Giemsa stain

Giemsa stain is required for the staining of azurophil granules and is an excellent stain for inclusion bodies.

Giemsa stain has been used for the staining of cells and blood films.

Synonym: 4-Hydroxy-5-(2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid monosodium salt hydrate, 4-Hydroxy-5-(salicylideneamino)-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid monosodium salt

Azomethine-H monosodium salt hydrate has been used for the determination of boron in soil and plants.

Azomethine-H is used as a color development agent. It is used for the determination of boron, mainly in the soil samples.