Innovative

Synonym: 3,3′-(3,3′-Dimethoxy-4,4′-biphenylene)bis[2,5-bis(p-nitrophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium chloride], TNBT, Tetranitrotetrazolium blue chloride

Synonym: t-Octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, Polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether

Triton X-100 has hemolytic property and is used for DNA extraction.

Triton X-100 is a common non-ionic surfactant and emulsifier which is often used in biochemical applications to solubilize proteins. It is considered a comparatively mild detergent, non-denaturing, and is reported in numerous references as a routinely added reagent. It is utilized for lysing cells to extract protein and cellular organelles. It can also permeabilize the living cell membrane for transfection.

Triton -X has been used:
• In the permeabilization of cells for immunofluorescence staining 
• As a component of lysis buffer in western blot analysis
• As a component of Tris-buffered saline for the preparation of cell sections in Immunogold labelling for electron microscope

Triton X-100 has been used:
• Along with Span 80 and Tween 80 in mineral oil for the preparation of oil-phase of microemulsions for PCR technique
• As a component of NX buffer which is used to pool and break down the microemulsions after PCR cycling
• In the blocking solution during immunocytochemistry procedure
• During deglycosylation procedure
• For membrane solubilization
• For cell permeabilization
• In decellularization of porcine heart valve tissue

Widely used non-ionic surfactant for recovery of membrane components under mild non-denaturing conditions.

Synonym: 2-(4-Iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride, p-Iodonitrotetrazolium Violet, INT

INT (iodonitrotetrazolium or 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium) is a commonly used tetrazolium salt (usually prepared with chloride ions), similar to tetrazolium chloride that on reduction produces a red formazan dye that can be used for quantitative redox assays. It is also toxic to prokaryotes.

INT is an artificial electron acceptor which can be utilized in a colorimetric assay to determine the concentration of protein in a solution. It can be reduced by succinate dehydrogenase to furazan, the formation of which can be measured by absorbance at 490 nm. The activity of succinate dehydrogenase is readily observed by the naked eye as the solution turns from colorless to rusty red.

Application : 

Iodonitrotetrazolium (INT) is a tetrazolium dye precursor that forms a purple formazan dye on reduction and has been used in a variety of applications. It is considered to have higher reactivity than some tetrazolium compounds, at least with respect to succinate dehydrogenase, with optimal results obtained using a concentration of 0.8 mM INT. INT is used as an electron acceptor for the colorimetric assays of: lactate dehydrogenase, xanthine dehydrogenase, lactyl-CoA dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, BBM II ketolisomerase, histidinol dehydrogenase and diverse other hydrolases.

Electron acceptor for the colorimetric assay of various dehydrogenases

Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) on reduction gets converted to iodonitrotetrazolium formazan, a water insoluble violet colored dye or indicator. Hence INT can be used for the colorimetric assay of various dehydrogenases.

Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride has been used for the staining of cells. It has been used as a coupling agent in the enzymatic assay of D-arabinitol.

Synonym: 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide, MTT, Methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide

Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Blue (MTT) may be used in measurement of cell proliferation. MTT produces a yellowish solution that is converted to dark blue, water-insoluble MTT formazan by mitochondrial dehydrogenases of living cells. The blue crystals are solubilized with acidified isopropanol and the intensity is measured colorimetrically at 570 nm. MTT has been used as a histochemical/cytochemical reagent and for the detection of NAD. ADP-linked enzyme systems in tissue cannot be detected with MTT, due to binding of the cation by the cyanide trap used. MTT is rapidly reduced to the formazan, which chelates with nickel, copper, and cobalt; the cobalt chelate has been used in oxidative systems.

Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide has been used for the following assays:
• Proliferation assay.
• TNF (tumor necrosis factor) bioassay.

Synonym: TTC formazan

Synonym: 3α,12α-Dihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid sodium salt, 7-Deoxycholic acid sodium salt, Desoxycholic acid sodium salt

Sodium deoxycholate monohydrate is a lipid bile salt used in drug delivery systems.

Sodium deoxycholate (SDC) monohydrate is a bile acid salt.

Powerful solubilization agent  ; used in the solubilization of estrogen synthetase from human placental microsomes.

Sodium deoxycholate monohydrate has been used in a study to assess a method for the immobilization of lipoxygenase in an alginate-silicate gel matrix. It has also been used in a study to investigate the in vitro dissolution of gall stones. 

Powerful solubilization agent; used in the solubilization of estrogen synthetase from human placental microsomes.

Synonyms :
Lauryl sulfate sodium salt, Sodium lauryl sulfate, Dodecyl sulfate sodium salt, SDS, Dodecyl sodium

General description : 
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sometimes written sodium laurilsulfate, is an organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)11OSO3Na. It is an anionic surfactant used in many cleaning and hygiene products. This compound is the sodium salt of the 12-carbon an organosulfate. Its hydrocarbon tail combined with a polar "headgroup" give the compound amphiphilic properties and so make it useful as a detergent. SDS is also component of mixtures produced from inexpensive coconut and palm oils. SDS is a common component of many domestic cleaning, personal hygiene and cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food products, as well as of industrial and commercial cleaning and product formulations.

In light microscopy, oil immersion is a technique used to increase the resolving power of a microscope. This is achieved by immersing both the objective lens and the specimen in a transparent oil of high refractive index, thereby increasing the numerical aperture of the objective lens.

Immersion oils are transparent oils that have specific optical and viscosity  characteristics necessary for use in microscopy. Typical oils used have an index of refraction around 1.515. An oil immersion objective is an objective lens specially designed to be used in this way. Many condensers also give optimal resolution when the condenser lens is immersed in oil.

Synonym: 2,6,8-Trihydroxypurine

Uric acid has been used:
• in inducing hyperuricemia in mice
• as a component of digestion fluid for the simulation of in vitro human digestion model
• in selectivity test of the glucose sensor in sweat-based diabetes monitoring 

Uric acid is an insoluble catabolite produced by adenine and guanine metabolism. Accumulation of uric acid leads to gout, hyperuricemia, arthritis and renal failure. Elevated uric acid levels contributes to hypertension and pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Low uric acid levels associated with Parkinson′s disease and multiple sclerosis, may elicit protective functionality. High levels of uric acid in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may serve as potential marker for diagnosis.

Synonym: TMPPD, Wurster’s reagent

Test reagent in microbiology for the classification of cytochrome oxidase positive aerobic microorganisms.; For oxidase reagent, use a 1% aqueous solution of N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride

Synonym: 2,2',5,5'-Tetraphenyl-3,3'-(p-diphenylene)ditetrazolium chloride, 3,3'-(4,4'-Biphenylene)bis(2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride), NTC, NeoT

For Histochemical Detection of Dehydrogenase

Nitrotetrazolium Blue chloride (NBT) is a dye that is used for detection of alkaline phosphatase in combination with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl phosphate (BCIP).

Nitrotetrazolium Blue chloride has been used:

• to determine the superoxide anion in skeletal muscle cells
• as a component in Tris-HCl buffered saline for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemistry of brain sections
• as a chromogenic substrate to study the histochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O₂- ) anion in Brassica juncea seedlings
• as a component in Triton X-100 solution to perform staining of coronal brain sections
• Nitrotetrazolium Blue chloride has been used to detect the generation of oxygen metabolites in cells.
• It has been used as a substrate for western blot detection.
• It has been used for the staining of histological tissue sections.

Nitrotetrazolium Blue chloride (NBT) has also been used as a colorimetric indicator of bacterial infection in blood samples. NBT has also been used as a redox indicator for other enzymatic reactions. NBT produces a dark blue insoluble formazan compound while reacting with O₂.

Synonym: 2-(Ethylmercuriomercapto)benzoic acid sodium salt, Ethylmercurithiosalicylic acid sodium salt, Mercury-([o-carboxyphenyl]thio)ethyl sodium salt, Sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate

Thimerosal is used as an antibacterial and antifungal. It is used as a topical antiseptic on skin and mucous membranes. It is also used as a preservative in pharmaceuticals as well as research.
Thiomersal is an organomercury compound that is used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent It is used as a vaccine preservative. During cell culture, thiomersal is used to prevent overgrowth in fibroblast cells. It has been used to preserve Atovaquone.

Thimerosal is a sulfhydryl (thiol) oxidizing reagent capable of inhibiting a wide range of sulfhydryl-dependent enzymes and proteins such as PI3-kinase-dependent methionine synthase, glutamate transport receptors, and Na⁺+K⁺ dependent ATPases.

Synonym: Polyanetholesulfonic acid sodium salt

Sodium polyanetholesulfonate (SPS) is a homopolymer that was developed to be used as an anticoagulant. It is commonly used in blood culture media for bacteria because it inhibits the antimicrobial activity of immune system components present in blood. SPS inhibits the growth of some microorganisms, but this effect if often media-dependent and can be overcome by addition of gelatin or lysed blood. SPS is a weaker anticoagulant than heparin, most likely due to inhibition of antithrombin III, but a stronger inducer of platelet aggregation. It has also been used to stabilize colloidal suspensions.

Polyanetholesufonic acid has effect on antithrombin III activity.

Synonym: TPTZ, TTZ, Tetrazolium Red

2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride is a colorless water-soluble dye. In the mitochondria of living cells, it is reduced to a deep red, water-insoluble compound (formazan). 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride helps to distinguish between viable and infarcted brain tissue after stroke.

2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride has been used to stain heart tissue to measure the extent of acute lesion. It has also been used to stain brain tissue to check the size of infarct area.

Synonym: 1,2,3-Indantrione monohydrate, 2,2-Dihydroxy-1,3-indanedione, Trioxohydrindene monohydrate

Ninhydrin, a tricyclic 1,2,3-trione, is a useful organic building block. It is an amino acid reagent, which reveals latent fingerprints on porous surfaces like paper, cardboard and raw wood.

Application : 

Ninhydrin (Triketohydrindene hydrate) may be used as a reagent for the quantification of amino acids and peptides by photometric method and colorimetric method. It may be used to prepare the ninhydrin reagent, by mixing ninhydrin and hydrindantin (reduced form of ninhydrin) in dimethyl sulfoxide. This reagent is used in manual ninhydrin method for the quantitative determination of amino acids.

Used in the detection and assay of peptides, amino acids, amines, and amino sugars yielding highly fluorescent ternary compounds with aldehydes and primary amines. Reaction with sarcosine or proline gives azomethine ylides.

Used for the detection of free amino groups in amino acids, peptides and proteins.

Synonym: 2,3-Bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide inner salt

XTT (sodium 3′-[1-[(phenylamino)-carbony]-3,4-tetrazolium]-bis(4-methoxy-6-nitro)benzene-sulfonic acid hydrate) is a tetrazolium salt, which forms water-soluble formazan on bioreduction.

XTT sodium salt has been used to assess cell viability.

XTT has been used in conjunction with phenazine methosulfate (PMS) to screen human cancer cell lines.  The tetrazolium dye has also been used to study fungal cell damage, in testing antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci, and in Candida biofilm research. Limitations to the XTT assay have been reported.

XTT (sodium 3′-[1-[(phenylamino)-carbony]-3,4-tetrazolium]-bis(4-methoxy-6-nitro)benzene-sulfonic acid hydrate) is acted upon by dehydrogenases present in metabolically active cells. This produces water soluble formazan, which is a highly colored product. Thus, it offers an advantage in colorimetric proliferation assays, as opposed to MTT, as the product is already soluble and no formazan crystals are formed.

In living cells, XTT is metabolically reduced to produce a colorimetric, water-soluble formazan product.

Synonym: DPO, PPO

2,5-Diphenyloxazole (PPO) is an oxazole that can be used as a scintillator and a laser dye. It has fluorescence at a wavelength of 375 nm. It can be used as a wavelength shifter in liquid samples due to their high quantum yield and large strokes shift.

PPO can be used as a dopant that improves the photo-electric feedback of plastic scintillators which are used as radiation detectors for nuclear materials. It can be coated on peptide substrates to facilitate radioactive labelling which can enable determination of substrate specificity of lysine methyltransferase enzymes. It may also be used in the fabrication of organic luminescent materials which can be used in light emitting diodes (LEDs).

Synonym: 1,4-Bis(5-phenyl-2-oxazolyl)benzene, 2,2′-p-Phenylene-bis(5-phenyloxazole), Di(phenyl-5-oxazolyl-2)-1,4-benzene, POPOP

Synonym: 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy, free radical, 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl, TEMPO

Copper/TEMPO has been utilized in the catalytic oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes.

Catalytic oxidant for copper-catalyzed, greener oxidation of alcohols under aerobic conditions.

TEMPO (2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy) was used for trapping the styrenyl radical generated from benzoyl peroxide during nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization of styrene. TEMPO-mediated oxidation was employed for the carboxylation of water-resistant nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) films.